Dejar de hablar en frases de tres palabras
Los pronombres y sus trabajos
| Pronombre | Se refiere a | Ejemplo |
|---|---|---|
| who / that | personas | the teacher WHO inspired me |
| which / that | cosas y animales | the app WHICH I use |
| where | lugares | the city WHERE I was born |
| whose | posesión | the girl WHOSE brother is famous |
| when | tiempos | the day WHEN we met |
Defining vs non-defining: la coma lo cambia todo
- DEFINING (sin comas): identifica CUÁL. Es necesaria; sin ella la frase queda incompleta. "My brother who lives in Rome is a chef" → (tengo varios hermanos; especifico el de Roma✦).
- NON-DEFINING (con comas): añade información EXTRA sobre algo ya identificado. "My brother, who lives in Rome, is a chef" → (tengo UN hermano; dato adicional).
Cuándo puedes omitir el pronombre
En las defining, si el pronombre es OBJETO (recibe la acción), puedes eliminarlo: "The book that I read" → "The book I read" (el libro lo leí YO: "that" es objeto → se cae). Pero si el pronombre es SUJETO (hace la acción), NO puedes quitarlo: "The person WHO called me" — si borras who, no sabes quién llamó. Prueba rápida: ¿queda un verbo sin sujeto claro? Entonces necesitas el pronombre.
- Sujeto → obligatorio: "the film THAT won" (no "the film won" cambiado de sentido).
- Objeto → opcional: "the film (that) I watched".
- Tras preposición formal: whom/which no se omiten: "the person to WHOM I spoke."
Reading passage · "The book that changed me"
Underline every relative clause and label it D (defining) or ND (non-defining):
The novel that I read last summer, which I found in a tiny bookshop in Cádiz, changed the way I think about home. The author, whose family had emigrated twice, writes about people who never stay where they are born. It is the kind of book that you keep returning to, in a language that feels like the sea itself. My friend, who gave me the book, said I would understand it only if I had lived away from home, and she was right.
Detrás del texto
- "the novel THAT I read" → defining (define cuál novela, sin comas).
- ", WHICH I found in Cádiz," → non-defining (dato extra, entre comas).
- "the author, WHOSE family had emigrated," → non-defining con posesión.
- "people WHO never stay…" → defining (define qué personas).
Practice — Basic
"That's the girl ___ brother is in my class."
"The city ___ I grew up has changed."
En non-defining relative clauses puedes usar "that".
Practice — Intermediate
Match the gap with the correct pronoun:
Une con una relative clause (non-defining, con comas): "Marie Curie (be) a physicist (win) two Nobel Prizes."
¿Cuántas relative clauses hay en la oración "The book that I read, which was long, changed me"? (número)
Practice — Advanced
Which sentence uses commas WRONGLY?
Marca la línea o las líneas con error y pulsa Comprobar.
Write a 4-sentence description of a person or place that matters to you. Use one defining and one non-defining relative clause, omit the pronoun once where it is the object, and use whose or where. Underline the relative pronouns you keep.
Se evalúa distinguir defining/non-defining (comas), pronombre omisible solo cuando es objeto, y uso de whose/where.
Tu texto se guarda sólo en este dispositivo.
English with Lucy · Relative clausesDefining y non-defining con ejemplos.
Key cards
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Coser oraciones con relativos
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