| Elemento | Dato |
|---|---|
| Materia | Lengua Adicional. Inglés III |
| Unidad | Unidad 4. Writing that holds together |
| Tema | Opinion essay: thesis, arguments and counterargument |
| Objeto de aprendizaje | 3 de 4 |
| Duración estimada | 50 minutos |
| Dificultad | Media-alta |
| Prerrequisito | OA 1 y 2 de la Unidad 4: conectores, relativas y registro formal. |
| Siguiente | OA 4 de la Unidad 4: evaluación integradora de la unidad. |
| Categoría | Preparatoria |
| Nivel | 2.º de Preparatoria |
| Semestre | 3 |
| Área | Lengua Adicional. Inglés |
| Tema / etapa | Opinion essay: thesis, arguments, counterargument |
| OA en la ruta | 3 de 4 |
| Tipo de OA | Desarrollo de tema |
| Resultado de aprendizaje | Redactar un essay de opinión de ciento cuarenta a ciento ochenta palabras con una tesis defendible, dos párrafos de argumento con evidencia numérica, un contraargumento con concesión y refutación, y una conclusión sin datos nuevos. |
| Conceptos clave | thesis, topic sentence, argument, evidence, signposting, concession, rebuttal, counterargument, conclusion, impersonal tone |
| Marco curricular | SEP/DGB, Plan de Estudios de la Bachillerato General, campo de Lengua Adicional. Inglés, habilidad A2+ a B1 |
| Programa de referencia | Marco Curricular Común para la Educación Media Superior (MCCEMS), semestre 3 |
| Fuente curricular | Programa analítico de la materia construido por Lumbre a partir del programa SEP/DGB vigente |
| Plan de estudios | Plan de Estudios de la Bachillerato General SEP/DGB (vigente) |
| Autor | Roadwise Consulting |
| Edad referencial | 16 a 19 años |
| OA anterior | inglés3-u4-formal-email-and-letter-of-complaint |
| OA siguiente | inglés3-u4-evaluación-integradora |
| Fecha de revisión | 2026-09-25 |
| Versión de contenido | 2 (diagrama original, 2026-09-25) |
1. Arranque: dar una opinión no es soltar un "yo creo"
"I think school should start later" es una opinión. Un essay es otra cosa: tomas esa opinión, la vuelves una tesis defendible, la sostienes con dos razones y evidencia, y además respondes al que está en contra. An opinion essay takes one side, defends it with reasons and evidence, and answers the other side before it closes. La mayoría de los textos escolares fallan en dos puntos: una tesis que en realidad es una pregunta, y un final que mete un dato nuevo. The top error is writing a question as the thesis, or bringing brand new facts into the conclusion. Aquí vas a construir la cadena completa, con el caso del horario de entrada.
2. Tesis: una oración que se puede discutir
Antes de argumentar, distingue qué tipo de frase tienes. An opinion can be disagreed with while a fact can be checked, and the essay must know which one it is using. The thesis is one clear sentence that says what you believe and what you will argue, not a question and not a topic. Una tesis no es el tema ("school start times") ni una pregunta ("should school start later?"): es tu respuesta, en afirmativo, discutible.
| Nivel | Ejemplo | Sirve como tesis |
|---|---|---|
| Tema | School start times | No, no dice nada |
| Pregunta | Should school start at eight? | No, es una pregunta |
| Hecho | Our school starts at seven. | No, es verificable |
| Opinion suelta | I think seven is too early | Casi, le falta el argumento |
| Tesis | Our school should start at eight because students sleep less than six hours and arrive unprepared. | Sí |
Which sentence is a proper thesis?
Why is "Our school starts at seven" not a thesis?
"I believe that school should start later because teenagers need more sleep" works as a thesis.
3. Anatomía del ensayo: cuatro partes
El ensayo argumentativo tiene un esqueleto fijo. A real essay reads as a chain: thesis, two reasons, the objection and a closing that lands. Cuatro partes: introducción con tesis, dos párrafos de argumento, un contraargumento con refutación y una conclusión.
| Parte | Qué lleva | Señal típica |
|---|---|---|
| Introduction | contexto breve y tesis | Nowadays… / I would argue that… |
| Body 1 | topic sentence, razón, evidencia | Firstly… |
| Body 2 | topic sentence, razón, evidencia | Secondly / In addition… |
| Counterargument | objeción, concesión, refutación | Although it is true that… however… |
| Conclusion | tesis con otras palabras y consecuencia | In conclusion / Therefore… |
Sort each sentence into its part of the essay
Arrastra cada ficha a su categoría (o tócala y luego toca la categoría). También puedes usar el teclado.
4. El párrafo de argumento: cuatro piezas
Un párrafo de opinión sin estructura es un deseo. Every body paragraph has one topic sentence, one reason, one example and one link back to the thesis. La topic sentence anuncia la razón; la evidencia la sostiene; el link regresa a la tesis. Si una de las cuatro piezas falta, el párrafo flota.
| Pieza | Función | Ejemplo |
|---|---|---|
| Topic sentence | razón del párrafo | Firstly, an early start damages concentration |
| Reason | por qué es así | because teenagers need eight hours of sleep |
| Evidence | dato, caso o cifra | in our group, 60 percent report sleeping under six hours |
| Link | regresa a la tesis | so a later bell would make first class usable |
La evidencia es lo que separa un ensayo de una rabieta. An argument without evidence is only a feeling; a number, a quote or a named case carries it. The argument gains weight from a number: a thirty-minute break, a 70 percent approval, two classes a week. Y un ejemplo concreto entra con for example: for example and such as introduce a case, and in my experience personalises it without turning into a diary.
Which line is evidence, not opinion?
The link sentence at the end of a body paragraph should:
Complete the evidence move: "Many students arrive unprepared; for , our group reported a percent rate of sleeping under six hours."
5. Conectores del ensayo: las juntas
El ensayo se sostiene en conectores. Connectors are the joints of the essay: because for reasons, therefore for results and however for the turn. Los de señalización guían al lector; los de causa, resultado y contraste hacen el trabajo lógico. Un ensayo sin juntas es una lista de frases sueltas. Signposting words such as firstly, second and finally tell the reader where they are inside the argument.
| Familia | Conectores | Ejemplo en el ensayo |
|---|---|---|
| Señalización | firstly, second, finally | Firstly, sleep affects grades |
| Causa | because, since, due to | Scores drop because students sleep less |
| Resultado | therefore, as a result, so | Therefore, the bell should move |
| Contraste | however, although, even so, on the other hand | However, buses can be rescheduled |
| Adición | moreover, in addition, also | Moreover, attendance improves |
Which connector introduces the turn to the counterargument?
Due to is followed by a noun, as in due to the early bell.
6. El contraargumento: conceder y refutar
Aquí se gana la madurez del texto. The counterargument names the strongest objection to you and then answers it, which is what makes an essay mature. Primero nombras la mejor objeción en contra, le concedes terreno y luego la respondes. You concede with although it is true that or it is often said that, and you rebut with however or even so. Sin concesión suenas terco; sin refutación suenas derrotado.
| Movimiento | Fórmula | Ejemplo |
|---|---|---|
| Objeción | Some people argue that… | Some people argue that buses cannot change |
| Concesión | Although it is true that… / It is often said that… | Although it is true that routes are tight, they are not fixed |
| Refutación | however / even so / but | However, the district reschedules them every year |
| Reafirmación | so / this means that | This means that a later start is possible |
Nota la pasiva impersonal en "it is often said that". A formal essay uses I sparingly, prefers impersonal forms and avoids contractions and slang. Hace que la objeción no dependa de tu voz ni de un nombre. Es la forma que distingue un ensayo escolar de un chat.
Why does a good counterargument start by conceding something?
Choose the correctly formed concession and rebuttal:
A counterargument paragraph should be deleted because it weakens the essay.
7. Tono formal: menos yo, más impersonal
El ensayo no es un diario. A formal essay uses I sparingly, prefers impersonal forms and avoids contractions and slang. En lugar de "I think … I think …" usas una tesis con I would argue, y después dejas que hablen la evidencia y la pasiva.
| Personal (débil) | Impersonal (formal) | Técnica |
|---|---|---|
| I think sleep is important | Sleep is essential for learning | drop I think |
| People say it is bad | It is often said that early starts harm health | impersonal passive |
| Students are tired, in my opinion | Students are reported to be tired | reporting passive |
| We need a change | A change is needed | passive, no subject |
| I feel that grades fall | Grades tend to fall | neutral verb |
Impersonalise: "People say the bell is too early" becomes " is often that the bell is too early."
Which is the most formal option?
8. Simulador: armar el ensayo desarmado
Cinco oraciones del mismo argumento, fuera de orden. Check every paragraph by asking whether it still serves the thesis or has drifted into a new topic. Ordénalas según la anatomía de la sección tres y observa cómo el link siempre regresa a la tesis.
| Oración | Parte | Por qué va ahí |
|---|---|---|
| Nowadays our school opens at seven and many students arrive asleep. | Introduction | context before the thesis |
| I would argue that the school day should start at eight. | Thesis | your defensible claim |
| Firstly, sixty percent of our group sleep under six hours. | Body 1 | reason with evidence |
| Although it is true that buses run early, the town reschedules them every August. | Counterargument | concession and rebuttal |
| Therefore, a later start is affordable and would make first class usable. | Conclusion | restates, no new data |
Put these five sentences in essay order
Arrastra cada ficha a su categoría (o tócala y luego toca la categoría). También puedes usar el teclado.
The conclusion sentence above does not add new evidence because:
9. Banco de fórmulas del ensayo
Memoriza una línea por movimiento y el ensayo se escribe solo. The ready chunks are fixed: In my opinion, Firstly, on the other hand, although it is true that, I would argue that. Combina un bloque por renglón y tendrás la cadena completa. The goal is to persuade a reader who disagrees with you, not to preach to one who already agrees.
| Movimiento | Fórmulas listas |
|---|---|
| Contexto | Nowadays… / In recent years… / At our school… |
| Tesis | I would argue that… / This essay claims that… |
| Razón uno | Firstly,… / The main reason is that… |
| Evidencia | for example… / surveys show that… / in our group, sixty percent… |
| Razón dos | Secondly… / Moreover… / In addition… |
| Contra | Some people argue that… / Although it is true that… |
| Refutación | However,… / Even so,… / This is not the case because… |
| Conclusión | In conclusion,… / Therefore,… |
Which formula belongs to the rebuttal move?
Match each formula to its move
10. Errores frecuentes del hispanohablante
| Lo que sale mal | Forma correcta | Por qué pasa | Cómo autocorregirte |
|---|---|---|---|
| Should school start later? (como tesis) | School should start later. | Pregunta en lugar de postura | La tesis afirma |
| In my opinion, I think that | In my opinion, / I think | Doble marca de opinión | Elige una |
| It is truth that… | Although it is true that… | Truth por true | Adjetivo tras it is |
| More studies show that much | More research shows that… | much con contables | research es incontable |
| I agree with this problem | I agree with this view | confundir problema con postura | agree con opinión |
| For example like buses | For example, buses… | for example y like juntos | Uno solo |
| Because the buses are early is a problem | Because the buses are early, it is a problem | sin coma tras cláusula inicial | coma tras la causa |
| In the conclusion, new statistic | In conclusion, … (no new data) | traer datos al final | la evidencia va en el body |
| The society | Society | the con sustantivo general | sin the en general |
| People who think that is wrong are lazy | Some people argue that… | atacar a las personas | objeta el argumento |
Los dos primeros aparecen en la mitad de los ensayos corregidos. The top error is writing a question as the thesis, or bringing brand new facts into the conclusion. Revisa nada más eso antes de entregar: una tesis afirmativa y una sola marca de opinión por oración.
Which conclusion is acceptable?
11. Lectura: un ensayo completo
Lee el ensayo de Emiliano sobre el horario de entrada. A real essay reads as a chain: thesis, two reasons, the objection and a closing that lands. Cada párrafo cumple una función y la cadena se sostiene de la tesis al cierre.
| Párrafo | Texto | Función |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | At our school the bell rings at seven. I would argue that it should ring at eight. | context and thesis |
| 2 | Firstly, an early start damages concentration. In our group, sixty percent of students report sleeping under six hours, and those students score lower in the first class. | body 1, reason and evidence |
| 3 | Secondly, a later bell improves attendance. When the neighbouring school moved to eight, late arrivals fell by twenty-five percent. | body 2, evidence |
| 4 | Some people argue that the buses cannot change. Although it is true that routes are tight, the town reschedules them every August. | counterargument with concession |
| 5 | Even so, the cost is one bus schedule, while the gain is an entire usable first class. | rebuttal |
| 6 | In conclusion, a later start is affordable and necessary, and the evidence above supports it. | conclusion, no new data |
Where is the strongest evidence in the essay?
The sentence "Although it is true that routes are tight" works because it:
The essay introduces brand new statistics in the conclusion.
12. Práctica guiada: escribe tu ensayo
Vas a redactar tu ensayo de ciento cuarenta a ciento ochenta palabras. The essay is one hundred forty to one hundred eighty words with a thesis, two body paragraphs, one counterargument and one conclusion. Sigue los cinco pasos con un tema tuyo.
- Paso 1: contexto de una línea y tesis afirmativa con I would argue that.
- Paso 2: body 1 con Firstly, una razón, una evidencia con número y un link.
- Paso 3: body 2 con Secondly o Moreover y otro tipo de evidencia (un caso o una comparación).
- Paso 4: contraargumento con Some people argue that, una concesión con Although y una refutación con Even so.
- Paso 5: conclusión con In conclusion que reformule la tesis y dé una consecuencia, sin datos nuevos.
Complete the counterargument: "Although it is that the change costs money, the is one bus schedule."
13. Actividad interactiva: cadena de debate
Actividad hablada en cadena, seis personas y sin libreta. El primero enuncia la tesis. Cada siguiente agrega un movimiento: una razón con número, otra razón, la objeción, la refutación y el cierre. To defend a position orally you give the thesis, one reason with a number and one sentence that answers the other side.
- Turn 1: I would argue that the day should start at eight.
- Turn 2: Firstly, sixty percent of us sleep under six hours. (reason plus evidence)
- Turn 3: Moreover, attendance improves when the bell moves. (second reason)
- Turn 4: Some people say the buses cannot change. (objection)
- Turn 5: Although that is true, the town reschedules them every August. (concession and rebuttal)
- Turn 6: Therefore, a later start is affordable. (conclusion)
- Regla: si un compañero pone una pregunta como tesis o mete un dato nuevo en el cierre, el grupo para y corrige.
Which turn must include the strongest number?
14. Guion y storyboard del video del objeto
| Plano | Tiempo | Imagen en pantalla | Narración | Texto en pantalla |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0:00 a 0:22 | Un reloj escolar en 7:00 y un estudiante dormido | One opinion becomes a chain of four parts. | the case |
| 2 | 0:22 a 0:54 | Una pregunta tachada y reemplazada por una oración afirmativa | A thesis is a claim, not a question. | the thesis |
| 3 | 0:54 a 1:26 | Un párrafo con cuatro casillas: topic, reason, evidence, link | Four pieces make a paragraph a real argument. | the paragraph |
| 4 | 1:26 a 1:58 | Un número sesenta por ciento entrando al texto | An argument without evidence is a feeling. | evidence |
| 5 | 1:58 a 2:30 | Una mano que sostiene un cartel Although it is true que | Concede the best objection, then answer it. | concession |
| 6 | 2:30 a 3:02 | La refutación Even so con una flecha que regresa a la tesis | Even so: the turn that saves your point. | rebuttal |
| 7 | 3:02 a 3:34 | I think borrado y sustituido por it is often said | Formal essays hide the I behind the evidence. | impersonal |
| 8 | 3:34 a 4:06 | Un párrafo final sin ningún dato nuevo | Restate, land, and do not smuggle in new facts. | conclusion |
15. Rúbrica del ensayo de opinión
| Criterio | Aún no cumple | Suficiente | Bueno | Destacado |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tesis | Una pregunta | Una afirmación | Con la razón anunciada | Defendible y sin ambigüedad |
| Argumentos | Sin razón | Una razón | Dos con topic sentence | Con link a la tesis |
| Evidencia | Sólo opiniones | Un ejemplo | Un número o caso | Dos tipos de evidencia |
| Contraargumento | Ausente | Menciona la objeción | Concede y refuta | Refuta con evidencia |
| Cohesión y tono | Lista de frases | Tres conectores | Señalización e impersonal | Cadena sin yo innecesario |
| Conclusión | Trae datos nuevos | Repite textual | Reformula con consecuencia | Cierre sin datos nuevos |
Which evidence belongs to the Destacado level of the counterargument criterion?
16. Práctica independiente
Escribe tu ensayo definitivo y grábalo. An opinion essay takes one side, defends it with reasons and evidence, and answers the other side before it closes es el estándar; usa tus propios números.
- Un ensayo de ciento cuarenta a ciento ochenta palabras con sus cinco partes identificadas con color.
- Dos evidencias numéricas distintas (un porcentaje y un caso) dentro del body.
- Un contraargumento completo: objeción, concesión con Although y refutación con Even so.
- Cinco oraciones defectuosas corregidas: tesis-pregunta, doble opinión, truth por true, dato nuevo en el cierre y ataque a las personas.
- Tres conversiones de personal a impersonal (I think, people say, we need).
- Una grabación de dos minutos: tesis, dos razones con número y una respuesta a la objeción.
17. Resumen del objeto
an opinion essay takes one side, defends it with reasons and evidence, and answers the other side before it closes. The thesis is one clear sentence that says what you believe and what you will argue, not a question and not a topic. An opinion can be disagreed with while a fact can be checked, and the essay must know which one it is using. Every body paragraph has one topic sentence, one reason, one example and one link back to the thesis. An argument without evidence is only a feeling; a number, a quote or a named case carries it. signposting words such as firstly, second and finally tell the reader where they are inside the argument. Connectors are the joints of the essay: because for reasons, therefore for results and however for the turn. The counterargument names the strongest objection to you and then answers it, which is what makes an essay mature. You concede with although it is true that or it is often said that, and you rebut with however or even so. A formal essay uses I sparingly, prefers impersonal forms and avoids contractions and slang. for example and such as introduce a case, and in my experience personalises it without turning into a diary. The argument gains weight from a number: a thirty-minute break, a 70 percent approval, two classes a week. The conclusion restates the thesis in new words and gives a consequence or a call, never new evidence. Check every paragraph by asking whether it still serves the thesis or has drifted into a new topic. The top error is writing a question as the thesis, or bringing brand new facts into the conclusion. A real essay reads as a chain: thesis, two reasons, the objection and a closing that lands.
| Habilidad | Prueba | Formato |
|---|---|---|
| Escribir la tesis | Cinco temas | Cuatro afirmativas |
| Armar un body | Cuatro párrafos | Tres con las cuatro piezas |
| Poner evidencia | Cuatro frases | Tres con número |
| Conceder y refutar | Tres objeciones | Dos con aunque y sin embargo |
| Formalizar | Seis frases | Cuatro impersonales |
| Cerrar | Cuatro conclusiones | Todas sin dato nuevo |
18. Glosario del objeto
| Término | Definición operativa |
|---|---|
| Thesis | Postura afirmativa defendible del ensayo |
| Topic sentence | Oración que anuncia la razón del párrafo |
| Evidence | Dato, cifra o caso que sostiene la razón |
| Signposting | Palabras de orden: firstly, secondly, finally |
| Concession | Reconocer parte de la objeción ajena |
| Rebuttal | Responder a la objeción y recuperar la postura |
| Counterargument | Párrafo que objeta, concede y refuta |
| Impersonal form | It is said that, passive sin sujeto personal |
| Link | Regreso del párrafo a la tesis |
| Conclusion | Reformulación de la tesis sin datos nuevos |
| Persuade | Convencer a un lector que no está de acuerdo |
| Drift | Cuándo un párrafo abandona la tesis |
19. Anexo de anclas del objeto
| Ancla | Frase literal |
|---|---|
| essay | an opinion essay takes one side, defends it with reasons and evidence, and answers the other side before it closes |
| tesis | the thesis is one clear sentence that says what you believe and what you will argue, not a question and not a topic |
| hecho | an opinion can be disagreed with while a fact can be checked, and the essay must know which one it is using |
| párrafo | every body paragraph has one topic sentence, one reason, one example and one link back to the thesis |
| señal | signposting words such as firstly, second and finally tell the reader where they are inside the argument |
| evidencia | an argument without evidence is only a feeling; a number, a quote or a named case carries it |
| ejemplo | for example and such as introduce a case, and in my experience personalises it without turning into a diary |
| counter | the counterargument names the strongest objection to you and then answers it, which is what makes an essay mature |
| concesion | you concede with although it is true that or it is often said that, and you rebut with however or even so |
| tono | a formal essay uses I sparingly, prefers impersonal forms and avoids contractions and slang |
| conector | connectors are the joints of the essay: because for reasons, therefore for results and however for the turn |
| conclusion | the conclusion restates the thesis in new words and gives a consequence or a call, never new evidence |
| lectura | a real essay reads as a chain: thesis, two reasons, the objection and a closing that lands |
| speaking | to defend a position orally you give the thesis, one reason with a number and one sentence that answers the other side |
| writing | the essay is one hundred forty to one hundred eighty words with a thesis, two body paragraphs, one counterargument and one conclusion |
| error | the top error is writing a question as the thesis, or bringing brand new facts into the conclusion |
| numbers | the argument gains weight from a number: a thirty-minute break, a 70 percent approval, two classes a week |
| niño | the ready chunks are fixed: In my opinion, Firstly, on the other hand, although it is true that, I would argue that |
| clase | the goal is to persuade a reader who disagrees with you, not to preach to one who already agrees |
| fuente | el programa de semestre 3 pide redactar un essay de opinión con tesis, argumentos y contraargumento |
| siguiente | the next object is the integrative evaluation of the unit, where the essay meets the formal letter |
| verifica | check every paragraph by asking whether it still serves the thesis or has drifted into a new topic |
| Reactivo | Respuesta | Por qué |
|---|---|---|
| Sección 2 | c, b, Verdadero | Una tesis afirma y se puede discutir |
| Sección 3 | clasificación correcta | Cinco piezas, cuatro partes |
| Sección 4 | b, b, example sixty | La evidencia lleva número |
| Sección 5 | b, Verdadero | However abre el giro |
| Sección 6 | b, b, Falso | Conceder es reconocer, no perder |
| Sección 7 | it said, b | El tono formal esconde el yo |
| Sección 8 | clasificación correcta, b | El cierre no trae evidencia |
| Sección 9 | b, emparejamiento correcto | Una fórmula por movimiento |
| Sección 10 | b | Conclusión sin datos nuevos |
| Sección 11 | b, b, Falso | La cadena va de la tesis al cierre |
| Sección 12 | true cost | Cinco pasos del ensayo |
| Sección 13 | b | La evidencia numérica va en el body |
| Rúbrica | b | Refutar con evidencia es el nivel alto |
20. Fuentes y continuidad
Objeto construido sobre el programa analítico de Lengua Adicional. Inglés III (SEP/DGB, semestre 3) con referencia al MCCEMS y al nivel A2+ a B1 del Marco Común Europeo. El ensayo de Emiliano, los porcentajes del caso y las fórmulas del banco fueron escritos para este objeto y no provienen de materiales con derechos de autor; las cifras son un escenario didáctico y no un estudio real. El programa de semestre 3 pide redactar un essay de opinión con tesis, argumentos y contraargumento.
Autoevaluación de este objeto
Aquí se mira lo que ya fuiste acertando. Pulsa «Comprobar» para saber si puedes seguir.
El essay de opinion: hamburguesa argumentativa
- Estructura que sostiene mordidas
El ensayo de opinion apila: tesis que se puede discutir en una linea, cada párrafo una razon con evidencia y ejemplo, y un contraargumento reconocido y refutado. Ese último piso es el que separa un texto que convence de uno que solo grita.
- El párrafo que se lee solo
Regla de examen: si el lector lee solo tu primera frase de cada párrafo, debe reconstruir todo el argumento. Por eso el topic sentence declara la razon, y las demas oraciones solo la sostienen con evidencia. Tema: "Homework should be limited". Escribe la tesis en una frase y una contra en otra; donde va el rebuttal?
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