Passive voice in real texts
| Elemento | Dato |
|---|---|
| Materia | Lengua Adicional. Inglés III |
| Unidad | Unidad 2. Possibilities, reports and evidence |
| Tema | Passive voice in real texts |
| Objeto de aprendizaje | 2 de 4 |
| Duración estimada | 50 minutos |
| Dificultad | Media |
| Prerrequisito | OA 1 de la Unidad 2: modales de deducción con have más participio. Unidad 1: participios irregulares y tiempos perfectos. |
| Siguiente | OA 3 de la Unidad 2: reported speech con verbos de reporte. |
| Categoría | Preparatoria |
| Nivel | 2.º de Preparatoria |
| Semestre | 3 |
| Área | Lengua Adicional. Inglés |
| Tema / etapa | Passive voice in real texts |
| OA en la ruta | 2 de 4 |
| Tipo de OA | Desarrollo de tema |
| Resultado de aprendizaje | Construir y leer la voz pasiva en los tiempos que usa el semestre, reconocerla en avisos, notas y reportes, omitir o recuperar el agente según la información y distinguir los verbos que no admiten pasiva. |
| Conceptos clave | passive voice, be plus past participle, agent with by, get passive, impersonal reporting, modal passive, headline passive, transitive verb, report genre |
| Marco curricular | SEP/DGB, Plan de Estudios de la Bachillerato General, campo de Lengua Adicional. Inglés, habilidad A2+ a B1 |
| Programa de referencia | Marco Curricular Común para la Educación Media Superior (MCCEMS), semestre 3 |
| Fuente curricular | Programa analítico de la materia construido por Lumbre a partir del programa SEP/DGB vigente |
| Plan de estudios | Plan de Estudios de la Bachillerato General SEP/DGB (vigente) |
| Autor | Roadwise Consulting |
| Edad referencial | 16 a 19 años |
| OA anterior | inglés3-u2-modals-of-possibility-and-deduction |
| OA siguiente | inglés3-u2-reported-speech-what-people-said |
| Fecha de revisión | 2026-09-25 |
| Versión de contenido | 2 (diagrama original, 2026-09-25) |
1. Arranque: el mismo hecho con otra foto
Two newspaper lines about one event: "A student took the projector" and "The projector was taken". The second sentence hides the person on purpose. The passive moves the camera from the person who acted to the thing that happened. That is not evasiveness: it is the grammar of priority, and every formal text in English uses it. En español también lo hacemos: "se llevó el proyector" o "el proyector fue robado". La diferencia es que el inglés tiene una forma fija y la usa muchísimo en textos institucionales. In school notices about six of ten sentences are passive, and in chemistry reports it is closer to eight. Si no la lees bien, un aviso de tu escuela puede decirte algo que creíste entender.
2. La regla de formación: be plus past participle
Todo el tema sale de una fórmula. The passive is a form of be plus the past participle, and be is the part that carries the tense. Como be se conjuga en cualquier tiempo, la pasiva puede vivir en cualquiera de ellos, y el participio nunca cambia. The passive uses exactly the irregular participles you learned in the first unit: written, taken, built.
| Activa | Objeto | Pasiva | Agente |
|---|---|---|---|
| Someone takes the key | the key | The key is taken | by a student |
| Someone took the key | the key | The key was taken | by a student |
| Someone has taken the key | the key | The key has been taken | by a student |
| Someone will take the key | the key | The key will be taken | by a student |
| Someone must take the key | the key | The key must be taken | by a student |
| Someone must have taken the key | the key | The key must have been taken | by a student |
Which sentence is a correct passive?
Why does the passive of the last row need been and not be?
In a passive sentence, the verb be is the element that shows the tense.
Complete the passive: The door left at 6:40 and the alarm was switched yesterday.
3. La pasiva en los ocho tiempos que sí necesitas
| Tiempo | Activa | Pasiva | Uso típico |
|---|---|---|---|
| Present simple | They build labs here | Labs are built here | Notices and rules |
| Present continuous | They are building the lab | The lab is being built | Progress reports |
| Past simple | They built it in 2019 | It was built in 2019 | News and history |
| Past continuous | They were painting it at six | It was being painted at six | Alibis and timelines |
| Present perfect | They have signed the register | The register has been signed | Formal updates |
| Past perfect | They had locked the door | The door had been locked | Reports after the fact |
| Future with will | They will inspect the window | The window will be inspected | Commitments |
| Modal | They must check the log | The log must be checked | Instructions |
Repara en la cuarta fila: every tense keeps its own passive: is taken, was taken, has been taken, will be taken, must have been taken. En un caso como el del laboratorio, "the door was being used at 6:30" es una pasiva continua que sirve para una coartada, igual que en una película. Check a passive with one question: would the sentence still work if nobody knew who did it.
Choose the correct present perfect passive:
The inspector says this at 9:00 about an action still in progress at 7:00:
Sort each sentence into active, passive or impossible passive
Arrastra cada ficha a su categoría (o tócala y luego toca la categoría). También puedes usar el teclado.
4. El agente con by: cuándo aparece y cuándo sobra
La frase con by es opcional y su criterio no es gramatical, es informativo. The by phrase appears only when the agent is new information, and most real texts leave it out. Escribe by solo si el lector no lo sabe y le sirve saberlo.
| Situación | Decisión | Ejemplo |
|---|---|---|
| The agent is unknown | Omit it | The window was left unlocked |
| The agent is obvious | Omit it | The thief was arrested |
| The agent is unimportant | Omit it | The lab is cleaned every night |
| The agent is the news | Keep it | The report was signed by the principal |
| The agent must not be named yet | Omit it on purpose | The key was last seen in the office |
| The agent is a general group | Omit it | It is said that the lock was changed |
Ese cuarto uso, omitir a propósito, es el que hace útil la pasiva en un acta escolar. In a report the passive lets the writer state a fact without naming a person before the evidence exists. En el caso del laboratorio, "the projector was taken between 6:10 and 6:40" es exacto con los hechos y justo con las personas. In the lab case the passive version reports the fact without accusing: the projector was taken between 6:10 and 6:40.
Why does the school report avoid naming the suspect?
Which sentence should keep the by phrase?
5. Get passive y pasiva de reporte: cómo suena cada una
| Forma | Registro | Ejemplo | Qué añade |
|---|---|---|---|
| be plus participle | neutral and formal | The projector was taken | Standard written English |
| get plus participle | informal, events only | The window got broken | Movement and surprise |
| be plus participle with state | not a get case | She is known here | States cannot use get |
| it is said that | formal reporting | It is said that the key was copied | Distances the writer |
| someone is said to | formal reporting | Ana is said to have a copy | Fronts the person |
| headline style | compressed | Projector taken from lab, door left open | Deletes be and articles |
Con get hay dos límites. Get plus participle is a casual passive used for events, not for states, and it is common in speech. Y el segundo: get passive suena mal en un aviso oficial, así que no lo uses en tu reporte. News headlines compress the passive by deleting be, so a lab door stolen reads differently than it sounds. En un titular, "lab door left open, projector gone" es gramaticalmente pasiva recortada.
Which sentence uses the get passive correctly?
Why does a headline drop the word was?
"The teacher is got explained the rule" is a possible English passive.
6. Verbos que no admiten pasiva
Para pasivizar hace falta un objeto directo, y ahí se caen los verbos que más intentas convertir. A verb with no object cannot be passivised, so arrive, happen, die and disappear have no passive. Lo mismo con los phrasal verbs: only the separable ones move the object inside.
| Intento imposible | Por qué | Alternativa correcta |
|---|---|---|
| It was happened at six | happen has no object | It happened at six |
| She was arrived late | arrive has no object | She arrived late |
| He was died in the story | die has no object | He died in chapter four |
| The accident was disappeared | disappear has no object | The money disappeared |
| The project was been finished by them | double passive helper | The project was finished |
| The meeting was taken place | take place is intransitive | The meeting took place on Friday |
El quinto renglón merece una lectura lenta: ahí no falló el verbo, se te duplicó el auxiliar, y ese error aparece cuando juntas la pasiva con el present perfect sin soltar la forma larga. The most common error is to build the passive with the past simple form instead of the participle. Di "the project has been finished" o "the project was finished", nunca las dos cosas a la vez.
Which sentence is correct?
Why can’t "the alarm was gone off" exist?
7. Porcentajes de pasiva por género: simulación de lectura
Simulación de conteo. In school notices about six of ten sentences are passive, and in chemistry reports it is closer to eight. Contar las oraciones pasivas de un texto real te dice en qué género estás escrito y en cuál te van a leer.
| Género | Pasivas sobre diez | Muestra | Qué hace el texto |
|---|---|---|---|
| School notice | about 6 | The room must be vacated by five | Instructions without a named person |
| News report | about 5 | Two students were interviewed | Facts before sources |
| Lab report (science) | about 8 | The sample was heated for ten minutes | Reproducibility |
| Sports recap | about 3 | The match was won in the last minute | Players are the news |
| Email to a friend | about 1 | My phone got stolen | Speech stays active |
| Legal summary | about 9 | The contract was signed, the fee was paid | Obligations without blame |
A text where eight of ten sentences are passive and the topic is an experiment. What is it?
Why does a legal summary use the passive so often?
8. Reescritura: el caso del laboratorio en voz pasiva
Simulación del caso de la Unidad 2, ahora en su versión de reporte institucional. In the lab case the passive version reports the fact without accusing: the projector was taken between 6:10 and 6:40. Cada renglón conserva el hecho y cambia el foco.
| Activa | Pasiva | Qué gana la versión pasiva |
|---|---|---|
| Somebody took the projector between 6:10 and 6:40 | The projector was taken between 6:10 and 6:40 | No accuses without evidence |
| Someone left the window unlocked | The window was left unlocked | Focus on the risk, not the person |
| The cleaner signed in at 7:00 | The sign-in was recorded at 7:00 | Document as the source |
| Luis signed the late register | The late register was signed at 6:55 | Time becomes the fact |
| Somebody switched off the alarm | The alarm had been switched off | Sequence without a suspect |
| The school will inspect the window | The window will be inspected | Commitment by the institution |
| We must check the log | The log must be checked | Impersonal instruction |
| Somebody must have copied the key | The key must have been copied | Deduction without a name |
El último renglón une este objeto con el anterior. With a modal the passive takes be plus participle, and the perfect modal takes have been plus participle. Y nota el tercero: pasar un hecho a "the sign-in was recorded" convierte una firma en evidencia documental, que es justo lo que hace un acta.
Rewrite as passive: "Somebody switched off the alarm."
Which passive matches "Somebody must have copied the key"?
Complete the modal passive: The log must and the window will tomorrow.
In "the alarm had been switched off", the past perfect passive places the action before another past event.
9. Lectura: una nota institucional real
| Renglón del aviso | Voz | Qué hace |
|---|---|---|
| The second floor lab will be closed from Monday 5 to Thursday 8. | Passive | Announces without naming a decisión-maker |
| Classes scheduled in that room have been moved to room 12. | Passive perfect | Reports a completed change |
| Students were informed by email on Wednesday. | Passive | The email is the evidence |
| The lock was changed and the key list was updated. | Passive, twice | Facts in sequence |
| Please sign the new register before entering. | Active imperative | Directs the reader to act |
| Any key not returned by Friday will be reported. | Passive future | Consequence without accusation |
| The laboratory committee thanks students for their cooperation. | Active | Signs the note as a person |
| Lost property must be claimed at the office between nine and two. | Passive modal | Rule that applies to anybody |
Este aviso es un buen modelo porque alterna. A real text mixes both voices: the passive carries the facts and the active carries who is doing something next. Cuando todo está en pasiva, el lector no sabe quién hace nada; cuando todo está en activa, el aviso suena a regaño personal.
How were students informed about the closure?
Which sentence in the notice tells the reader to act directly?
The notice uses the active voice in most of its sentences.
From the notice: the lab closes Monday to Thursday , and property must be claimed between nine and .
10. Errores frecuentes del hispanohablante
| Lo que sale mal | Forma correcta | Por qué pasa | Cómo autocorregirte |
|---|---|---|---|
| The door was close | The door was closed | Usa el adjetivo o la base | be exige participio |
| The projector was took | The projector was taken | Pasado simple en vez de participio | Tercera forma del irregular |
| It was happened at six | It happened at six | Intransitivo con pasiva | Sin objeto no hay pasiva |
| The book was written by him | The book was written by him is fine, but drop by if he is obvious | Abuso de by | ¿Es información nueva? |
| The report has been write | The report has been written | Participio perdido en el perfecto | been más tercera forma |
| The class is being boring | The class is boring | Confundir pasiva con adjetivo | ¿Quién lo hace? |
| Was stolen my phone | My phone was stolen | Orden del español | Sujeto antes del verbo |
| The results were announce | The results were announced | Base verbal tras were | Añade la terminación ed |
| The meeting was taken place | The meeting took place | Phrasal intransitivo | Nunca pasivices take place |
| It is said that the key was copy | It is said that the key was copied | Doble omisión de participio | Revisa cada be suelto |
Los errores segundo y quinto son el mismo problema: the most common error is to build the passive with the past simple form instead of the participle. El truco de revisión es buscar cada be, was, were, been o being y exigirle la tercera forma del verbo inmediatamente después.
Which correction of "The window was broke" is right?
A student writes "My phone was steal yesterday". The diagnosis is:
Sort each sentence into correct passive, wrong form or not a passive at all
Arrastra cada ficha a su categoría (o tócala y luego toca la categoría). También puedes usar el teclado.
11. Práctica guiada: la nota resuelta
Se escribe un aviso de cuarenta a sesenta palabras para la escuela, con la plantilla de cuatro pasos. A paragraph of notices needs four passive sentences, one with a by phrase and two active instructions. Paso 1, hecho cerrado en pasiva: "The first floor lab was flooded on Monday and the room has been closed since then." Paso 2, consecuencia en pasiva con modal: "All classes must be moved to room 12 until Friday." Paso 3, instrucción directa en activa: "Please sign the new register before entering." Paso 4, cierre con agente cuando sí importa: "The decisión was taken by the maintenance committee." Cuatro pasos: hecho, regla, orden y responsable.
| Renglón | Función | Voz |
|---|---|---|
| The lab was flooded on Monday | Fact | Passive |
| The room has been closed since then | Current consequence | Passive perfect |
| All classes must be moved to room 12 | Rule | Passive modal |
| Please sign the new register | Direct instruction | Active imperative |
| The door must be kept locked | Standing rule | Passive modal |
| The decisión was taken by the maintenance committee | Named responsibility | Passive with by |
| Questions will be answered at the office | Next step | Passive future |
Why does the model keep the by phrase only in step four?
Convert to past simple passive: "The school moved the classes" becomes "The classes by the school."
12. Actividad interactiva: recupera al responsable
Actividad hablada, en parejas, con dos rondas. Ronda uno: un compañero lee un renglón pasivo de la nota institucional y el otro debe recuperar tres cosas: quién, cuándo y qué se hizo. Ronda dos: se reescribe el renglón en activa y se decide si conviene conservarlo así. In speech the passive sounds formal, so you use it to report and you come back to the active to decide.
- Renglón 1: The lock was changed. Who changed it, and when?
- Renglón 2: Students were informed by email. Who sent the email?
- Renglón 3: The register is signed every morning. Who signs it?
- Renglón 4: A key was last seen in the office. Say the active version.
- Regla: si el agente no aparece en el texto, lo declaras desconocido y no lo inventas.
- Cierre: cada pareja elige dos renglones y explica por qué la pasiva protege mejor la información.
13. Guion y storyboard del video del objeto
| Plano | Tiempo | Imagen en pantalla | Narración | Texto en pantalla |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0:00 a 0:22 | Un proyector desaparecido de una mesa y una cámara que se aleja del pasillo | The projector was taken. Notice who is missing from the sentence. | passive focus |
| 2 | 0:22 a 0:54 | Una ficha be que se conjuga y una ficha participio que no cambia | Be carries the tense. The participle never moves. | was taken, has been taken |
| 3 | 0:54 a 1:26 | Ocho tarjetas de tiempo que se voltean una por una | Eight tenses, eight passives, one rule. | is built, was being built |
| 4 | 1:26 a 1:58 | Un letrero by que aparece y desaparece | Keep by only when the name is the news. | the agent |
| 5 | 1:58 a 2:30 | Un titular de periódico recortado: lab door left open | Headlines delete be. My phone got stolen is for speech. | register |
| 6 | 2:30 a 3:02 | Un verbo happen con un candado: sin objeto no hay pasiva | Happen, arrive, die: no object, no passive. | intransitive |
| 7 | 3:02 a 3:34 | Un aviso escolar con renglones marcados en dos colores | Facts in the passive, instructions in the active. | school notice |
| 8 | 3:34 a 4:06 | Dos estudiantes frente a una hoja: ¿quién lo hizo? | Read a passive and recover the who, the when and the what. | evidence game |
14. Rúbrica de la nota y la actividad
| Criterio | Aún no cumple | Suficiente | Bueno | Destacado |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Forma | Be más base verbal | Participio regular correcto | Irregulares sin error en seis pasivas | Maneja perfecta, continua y modal |
| Tiempo | Todo en past simple | Dos tiempos distintos | Cuatro tiempos con be correcto | Secuencia coherente con past perfect |
| Agente | By en cada oración | Omite by cuando sobra | Conserva by solo donde informa | Explica qué protege la omisión |
| Verbos sin pasiva | It was happened | Sabe que dos verbos no van | Rechaza los seis de la tabla | Detecta la doble auxiliar |
| Nota institucional | Siete pasivas seguidas | Cuatro pasivas y una activa | Hecho, regla, orden y responsable | Equilibrio de seis de diez |
| Oralidad | Inventa el agente | Lo declara desconocido | Recupera quién, cuándo y qué | Reescribe en activa y justifica |
Which performance belongs to the Destacado level of the agent criterion?
15. Práctica independiente
Escribe una nota institucional de tu escuela y un párrafo de análisis. The classroom goal is to read a formal English text and say who did what, even when the text hides it.
- Una nota de cuarenta a sesenta palabras con seis oraciones pasivas y dos activas de instrucción.
- Una tabla con cinco oraciones: activa, pasiva y qué gana cada versión.
- Tres oraciones que no puedas pasivizar, con la explicación en una línea.
- Dos oraciones con modal pasado en pasiva: must have been and can’t have been.
- Un conteo de pasivas en tres textos reales que tú elijas, con el porcentaje de cada uno.
- Una grabación de noventa segundos leyendo la nota y recuperando al responsable de dos hechos.
16. Resumen del objeto
the passive moves the camera from the person who acted to the thing that happened. The passive is a form of be plus the past participle, and be is the part that carries the tense. Every tense keeps its own passive: is taken, was taken, has been taken, will be taken, must have been taken. With a modal the passive takes be plus participle, and the perfect modal takes have been plus participle. The passive uses exactly the irregular participles you learned in the first unit: written, taken, built. the by phrase appears only when the agent is new information, and most real texts leave it out. In a report the passive lets the writer state a fact without naming a person before the evidence exists. Get plus participle is a casual passive used for events, not for states, and it is common in speech. News headlines compress the passive by deleting be, so a lab door stolen reads differently than it sounds. With reporting verbs the impersonal pattern is it is said that, or she is said to have taken. A verb with no object cannot be passivised, so arrive, happen, die and disappear have no passive. in school notices about six of ten sentences are passive, and in chemistry reports it is closer to eight. In the lab case the passive version reports the fact without accusing: the projector was taken between 6:10 and 6:40. A real text mixes both voices: the passive carries the facts and the active carries who is doing something next. The most common error is to build the passive with the past simple form instead of the participle. A paragraph of notices needs four passive sentences, one with a by phrase and two active instructions. Check a passive with one question: would the sentence still work if nobody knew who did it.
| Habilidad | Prueba | Formato |
|---|---|---|
| Formar la pasiva | Diez frases con be | Ocho participios correctos |
| Cambiar de tiempo | Ocho tiempos | Seis conversiones |
| Decidir el agente | Seis frases con by | Cuatro decisiones |
| Frenar intransitivos | Seis intentos | Detectar los cuatro |
| Leer una nota | Un aviso real | Recuperar quién y cuándo |
| Escribir una nota | Cincuenta palabras | Seis pasivas, dos activas |
17. Glosario del objeto
| Término | Definición operativa |
|---|---|
| Passive voice | be más participio, con el paciente como sujeto |
| Agent | Quien ejecuta la acción; aparece con by o no aparece |
| Patient | El objeto que pasa a ser sujeto gramatical |
| Past participle | Tercera forma del verbo, la única que forma pasiva |
| Get passive | Get más participio, informal y de eventos |
| Impersonal reporting | It is said that, para alejar al escritor del dato |
| Headline style | Titular que elimina be y artículos |
| Transitive verb | Verbo con objeto directo; el único pasivizable |
| Intransitive verb | Verbo sin objeto: happen, arrive, die |
| Phrasal verb | Verbo con partícula; solo algunos permiten pasiva |
| Notice | Aviso institucional con instrucciones impersonales |
| Double auxiliary | Auxiliares repetidos; error al mezclar perfectos |
18. Anexo de anclas del objeto
| Ancla | Frase literal |
|---|---|
| foco | the passive moves the camera from the person who acted to the thing that happened |
| forma | the passive is a form of be plus the past participle, and be is the part that carries the tense |
| agente | the by phrase appears only when the agent is new information, and most real texts leave it out |
| tiempos | every tense keeps its own passive: is taken, was taken, has been taken, will be taken, must have been taken |
| modales | with a modal the passive takes be plus participle, and the perfect modal takes have been plus participle |
| reporte | in a report the passive lets the writer state a fact without naming a person before the evidence exists |
| getpasivo | get plus participle is a casual passive used for events, not for states, and it is common in speech |
| intransitivo | a verb with no object cannot be passivised, so arrive, happen, die and disappear have no passive |
| participios | the passive uses exactly the irregular participles you learned in the first unit: written, taken, built |
| headlines | news headlines compress the passive by deleting be, so a lab door stolen reads differently than it sounds |
| impersonal | with reporting verbs the impersonal pattern is it is said that, or she is said to have taken |
| porcentaje | in school notices about six of ten sentences are passive, and in chemistry reports it is closer to eight |
| caso | in the lab case the passive version reports the fact without accusing: the projector was taken between 6:10 and 6:40 |
| lectura | a real text mixes both voices: the passive carries the facts and the active carries who is doing something next |
| error | the most common error is to build the passive with the past simple form instead of the participle |
| speaking | in speech the passive sounds formal, so you use it to report and you come back to the active to decide |
| writing | a paragraph of notices needs four passive sentences, one with a by phrase and two active instructions |
| clase | the classroom goal is to read a formal English text and say who did what, even when the text hides it |
| fuente | el programa de semestre 3 pide comprender textos formales en voz pasiva y producir avisos institucionales |
| siguiente | the next object reports what people said, which is where the passive and reported speech meet |
| verifica | check a passive with one question: would the sentence still work if nobody knew who did it |
| Reactivo | Respuesta | Por qué |
|---|---|---|
| Sección 2 | b, b, Verdadero, was, open y off | Be carga el tiempo y el participio no cambia |
| Sección 3 | b, b, clasificación correcta | Cada tiempo tiene su pasiva |
| Sección 4 | b, c | By sólo cuando el nombre es noticia |
| Sección 5 | b, b, Falso | Get es de eventos, no de estados |
| Sección 6 | b, b | Sin objeto directo no hay pasiva |
| Sección 7 | b, b | El conteo revela el género |
| Sección 8 | a, b, be checked be inspected, Verdadero | El modal pide be más participio |
| Sección 9 | b, b, Falso, 5, 8 y two | Los hechos van en pasiva |
| Sección 10 | a, b, clasificación correcta | El error es la forma del participio |
| Sección 11 | b, were y moved | Cuatro pasos de la nota |
| Rúbrica | b | Explicar la omisión es el nivel alto |
19. Fuentes y continuidad
Objeto construido sobre el programa analítico de Lengua Adicional. Inglés III (SEP/DGB, semestre 3) con referencia al MCCEMS y al nivel A2+ a B1 del Marco Común Europeo. La nota institucional, el caso del laboratorio y todas las oraciones de ejemplo fueron escritos para este objeto y no provienen de materiales con derechos de autor; los porcentajes por género son una convención didáctica medida sobre los textos de este objeto. El programa de semestre 3 pide comprender textos formales en voz pasiva y producir avisos institucionales.
Autoevaluación de este objeto
Aquí se mira lo que ya fuiste acertando. Pulsa «Comprobar» para saber si puedes seguir.
Pasiva: la camara cambia de actor
- Primera toma
En voz activa el sujeto hace y la camara lo sigue: Cortes conquisto. Es directo, narrativo, y el inglés lo prefiere cuando el actor importa y se conoce.
- Segunda toma
La pasiva promueve el objeto a protagonista: Tenochtitlan fue conquistada. Se usa cuando el receptor es el tema (noticias, ciencia, historia) o cuando el actor se desconoce, es obvio o conviene ocultarlo.
- La formula y su poder
La receta es be en el tiempo pedido + past participle. Su superpoder es politicos y practicos: elije quien sale en la foto de la oración. Por eso los comunicados dicen "mistakes were made": la pasiva puede eximir al actor. Noticia: "A new vaccine was developed". Porque el scientist no sale? Cuando SI pondrias by + nombre?
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