| Elemento | Dato |
|---|---|
| Materia | Lengua Adicional. Inglés III |
| Unidad | Unidad 2. Possibilities, reports and evidence |
| Tema | Modals of possibility and deduction |
| Objeto de aprendizaje | 1 de 4 |
| Duración estimada | 50 minutos |
| Dificultad | Media |
| Prerrequisito | Unidad 1: participios irregulares, present perfect y marcadores de tiempo abierto y cerrado. |
| Siguiente | OA 2 de la Unidad 2: passive voice in real texts. |
| Categoría | Preparatoria |
| Nivel | 2.º de Preparatoria |
| Semestre | 3 |
| Área | Lengua Adicional. Inglés |
| Tema / etapa | Modals of possibility and deduction |
| OA en la ruta | 1 de 4 |
| Tipo de OA | Desarrollo de tema |
| Resultado de aprendizaje | Expresar grado de certeza sobre hechos presentes y pasados con must, might, could, may y can’t, sostener cada conclusión con una evidencia visible y distinguir la lectura de deducción de la lectura de obligación. |
| Conceptos clave | modals of deduction, must be, might be, could have been, can’t have been, past participle, certainty scale, evidence, obligation versus deduction |
| Marco curricular | SEP/DGB, Plan de Estudios de la Bachillerato General, campo de Lengua Adicional. Inglés, habilidad A2+ a B1 |
| Programa de referencia | Marco Curricular Común para la Educación Media Superior (MCCEMS), semestre 3 |
| Fuente curricular | Programa analítico de la materia construido por Lumbre a partir del programa SEP/DGB vigente |
| Plan de estudios | Plan de Estudios de la Bachillerato General SEP/DGB (vigente) |
| Autor | Roadwise Consulting |
| Edad referencial | 16 a 19 años |
| OA anterior | inglés3-u1-evaluación-integradora |
| OA siguiente | inglés3-u2-passive-voice-in-real-texts |
| Fecha de revisión | 2026-09-25 |
| Versión de contenido | 2 (diagrama original, 2026-09-25) |
1. Arranque: la misma evidencia, tres grados
Look at the same corridor and three sentences: "That must be the principal", "That might be the principal", "That can’t be the principal". Nothing changed outside you. A modal of deduction does not describe an obligation, it describes how sure you are about what you see. What changed is how much of the evidence you can see. En español resolvemos esto con "debe de ser", "a lo mejor es", "no puede ser". El inglés no tiene esa flexibilidad: tiene una escala fija y exige que elijas un peldaño. Must is about ninety-five percent certainty, might or could sit between forty and seventy and can’t drops below five. Si tu profesor te pide una probabilidad numérica, no estás improvisando: estás usando la misma herramienta.
2. La escala de certeza: de noventa y cinco a menos de cinco
| Modal | Certeza | Qué hace | Ejemplo |
|---|---|---|---|
| must | about 95 percent | near-certain positive conclusion | The lights are on, somebody must be inside |
| will | about 90 percent | confident prediction | He has trained for months, he will be tired |
| may | about 60 percent | neutral possibility, written tone | The key may still be in the drawer |
| might | about 50 percent | weak possibility | She might have taken the wrong bus |
| could | about 45 percent | one of several options | It could be the cleaning staff |
| can’t | under 5 percent | near-certain negative conclusion | He can’t be in the lab, I locked it |
| couldn’t | under 5 percent | same, normal in past narration | It couldn’t have been Luis, he was ill |
| mustn’t | not a deduction | prohibition only | You mustn’t open the lab at night |
La última fila es la trampa del semestre. Almost certain negatives take can’t have, and a native speaker would never say mustn’t have for a deduction. En deducción negativa el inglés usa can’t, y mustn’t queda reservado para la prohibición. Turning a modal into a percentage is the fastest way to check whether you used the right one.
Which sentence expresses a near-certain negative deduction?
Why is mustn’t not usable for deduction?
Might and may are close enough in meaning to be swapped in the middle of the scale.
Complete the scale: the lights are on, so somebody be inside, but it be Ana because she is in another city.
3. Estructura: presente y pasado, dos moldes
Todo el tema cabe en dos moldes. For a conclusion about now the structure is modal plus be or plus the base verb. Y el segundo es el que da trabajo: for a conclusion about the past the structure is modal plus have plus the past participle. Nota que el segundo molde reutiliza los participios que ya dominabas. Past deduction uses the same irregular participles from the first unit, so written and gone still matter.
| Tiempo del hecho | Estructura | Ejemplo con be | Ejemplo con verbo lexical |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ahora | modal plus base | She must be at home | He might work here |
| Ahora, continuo | modal plus be plus ing | They must be waiting outside | She could be sleeping |
| Pasado | modal plus have plus participle | It must have been the wind | Ana might have taken it |
| Pasado, continuo | modal plus have been plus ing | He must have been working late | She could have been waiting |
| Negativo presente | modal plus not plus base | He can’t be sick | She might not know |
| Negativo pasado | modal plus not plus have plus participle | It can’t have been locked | They might not have seen it |
Choose the correct past deduction:
Which sentence describes an activity in progress at the moment of speaking?
"He might have been training all morning" is a past deduction about an activity, not a result.
Turn it into the past: "She must be tired" becomes "She must have ."
4. Must con dos trabajos: deducción y obligación
Un mismo modal, dos significados, y la única prueba para distinguirlos es si puedes sustituirlo por can’t o por have to. Must also means obligation, so the same word carries two jobs and only the context separates them. Si la frase admite "estoy casi seguro", es deducción; si admite "tengo que", es obligación.
| Frase | Lectura | Sustitución que funciona | Cómo decides |
|---|---|---|---|
| You must be tired | deduction | You are probably tired | No hay regla ni deber |
| You must sign the register | obligation | You have to sign | Hay una norma |
| She must have the key | deduction | She probably has it | Evidencia: nadie más entra |
| She must have the key by Friday | obligation | She has to get it by Friday | by Friday fuerza deber |
| It must be eleven already | deduction | It is probably eleven | Reloj como evidencia |
| It must be checked every day | obligation | It has to be checked | Pasivo con norma |
La cuarta fila enseña el truco del orden: cuando aparece un plazo, must se inclina hacia obligación. Check any modal with one question: could a visible fact prove or break this claim. Si nadie puede darte un hecho visible, tu must era una costumbre disfrazada.
Which sentence uses must as obligation?
How do you read "We must have been watched"?
5. El caso: simulación de deducción con cinco sospechosos
Caso escolar, con datos duros. The lab door was open at six forty and the projector was on the table at six ten, so somebody was inside. Ana had the only key until 2023, Luis signed the late register and the cleaning staff arrives at seven. The projector is missing now, the window in the lab was left unlocked and no alarm was triggered. Lee la tabla completa antes de escribir cualquier modal: la deducción se construye con el hecho, no con la intuición.
| Hecho | Fuente | Qué permite concluir | Qué impide concluir |
|---|---|---|---|
| The lab was locked at 6:10 | Register book | Nobody could leave after 6:10 | It does not say who locked it |
| The projector was on the table at 6:10 | Photo taken by Luis | The theft happened after 6:10 | No proof about 6:40 |
| The door was open at 6:40 | Cleaner’s note | Somebody had a key or opened a window | Not proof of identity |
| Ana had the only key until 2023 | Old inventory | Her key may still work | She could have returned it |
| Luis signed the late register at 6:55 | Register book | He was in the building after 6:40 | He could have come from the library |
| The window was left unlocked | Cleaner’s photo | Entry through the window is possible | It may have been open all day |
| No alarm was triggered | Security log | The alarm was off, not broken | It does not name a person |
| Conclusión | Modal | Porcentaje | Evidencia que la sostiene |
|---|---|---|---|
| The theft happened between 6:10 and 6:40 | must have happened | 95 | Photo at 6:10 and open door at 6:40 |
| Somebody with a key was inside | must have had a key | 80 | Locked door with no alarm damage |
| Ana took the projector | might have taken | 40 | Old key may still work, no other proof |
| Luis was in the building | must have been | 90 | His signature at 6:55 |
| The cleaner took it | can’t have taken | 3 | She arrived at 7:00 and signed in |
Repara en la última fila: can’t is the negative of must: it says the thing is impossible, not that it is forbidden. La conserje llegó a las siete y firmó la entrada, así que no puede haber tomado algo que ya no estaba a las seis cuarenta. Every deduction needs one visible piece of evidence, and without it the sentence is only a guess. Una deducción sin ese anclaje es chisme.
Which conclusion best fits "the theft happened between 6:10 and 6:40"?
Why is "Ana might have taken the projector" honest but "Ana must have taken it" not?
The cleaner signed in at 7:00 and the projector was gone at 6:40. You say:
Sort each claim about the case into strong, weak or impossible
Arrastra cada ficha a su categoría (o tócala y luego toca la categoría). También puedes usar el teclado.
6. Preguntas, negaciones y orden de palabras
Los modales no usan do, ni to, ni conjugación en tercera persona. Modals never take do in a question and never take to before the base verb. Y en pregunta la deducción suena rara, así que el inglés prefiere otras estrategias: may I, could it be that, o simplemente preguntar por la evidencia.
| Tipo | Ejemplo presente | Ejemplo pasado |
|---|---|---|
| Afirmativo | She must be in the lab | She must have been in the lab |
| Negativo de deducción | She can’t be in the lab | She can’t have been in the lab |
| Posibilidad negativa | She might not be in the lab | She might not have been in the lab |
| Pregunta con could | Could it be Ana? | Could Ana have taken it? |
| Pregunta de obligación | Must I sign here? | No: you use Do I have to sign here? |
| Respuesta corta | Is she inside? Probably. | Was she inside? Most likely. |
Which question is grammatically correct?
Complete the negative possibility: "She have seen the note" means it is possible she did not see it.
Match each claim to the question that would test it
7. Pronunciación y ortografía: must’ve, no must of
En el habla rápida la secuencia must have se reduce hasta sonar como un solo bloque de dos sílabas. In fast speech must have reduces to must’ve, and writing it as must of is a spelling error, not a sound. Por eso tantos estudiantes escriben "must of": escuchan el sonido y lo deletrean mal. For a conclusion about the past the structure is modal plus have plus the past participle.
| Escrito correcto | Se oye como | Trampa habitual | Corrección |
|---|---|---|---|
| must have gone | must’ve gon | must of gone | El participio, nunca de |
| might have missed it | might’ve mist | might of miss | Vuelve a la forma larga para revisar |
| can’t have been | cant-a-bin | can of been | Escribe los tres juntos |
| could have been | could-a-bin | could of bin | Nunca of después de modal |
| might be | mayt-bi | might bi | La g se suaviza |
| must be | must-bi | must to be | Sin to entre modal y verbo |
Dos avisos más. El primero: can’t lleva el acento en la negación, y una entonación plana lo vuelve ilegible en conversación. Can’t is the negative of must: it says the thing is impossible, not that it is forbidden. El segundo: en "could’ve been" la v apenas suena, así que la única señal de que hay un participio es la terminación de la palabra siguiente.
Which written form matches the sound "must-a-bin"?
8. Errores frecuentes del hispanohablante
| Lo que sale mal | Forma correcta | Por qué pasa | Cómo autocorregirte |
|---|---|---|---|
| He must of left early | He must have left early | Escribe lo que oye | Prueba: modal have participio |
| Did he must be at home? | He must be at home | Sobran auxiliares con modales | Los modales no usan do |
| It is possible that he was ill | He might have been ill | Traduce la estructura del español | Usa la escala en inglés |
| She mustn’t have taken it | She can’t have taken it | Niega con must | Negación de deducción: can’t |
| He can to be lying | He could be lying | Can como modal de posibilidad | Posibilidad pide could o might |
| They must went | They must have gone | Pasado directo tras must | Pasado exige have más participio |
| She should to be tired | She should be tired | To sobrante | Nunca to tras un modal |
| Maybe he must have it | Maybe he has it, or he must have it | Doble marca de duda | Elige un solo grado |
| It may can be fixed | It may be fixed | Dos modales juntos | Un modal por oración |
| You must to sign | You must sign | To por influencia de tener que | Tras must, base verbal |
El primero y el cuarto de la lista son los que más se repiten en los exámenes escritos. The typical error is to build the past with did: did must have gone, which English does not allow. Y el tercero es el que más delata la traducción: si empiezas con "it is possible that", todavía no has elegido peldaño en la escala.
Which correction of "She mustn’t have seen me" is right?
A classmate writes "It is possible that Luis has taken the projector". The best improvement is:
Sort each sentence into correct or its type of error
Arrastra cada ficha a su categoría (o tócala y luego toca la categoría). También puedes usar el teclado.
9. Lectura: un reporte estilo acta
| Renglón del reporte | Forma | Qué hace esa forma |
|---|---|---|
| At 6:10 the lab was locked and the projector was on its table. | Past simple | Hecho verificable, sin opinión |
| At 6:40 the door was open and the table was empty. | Past simple | Segundo hecho, marca el intervalo |
| The theft must have happened inside that thirty-minute window. | Must have | Deducción fuerte sobre los dos hechos |
| The alarm log shows no trigger, so the alarm was probably switched off. | Modals plus probably | Deducción con adverbio en su lugar |
| One student may still have held a valid key. | May have | Posibilidad media, sin nombre |
| The cleaning staff could not have removed the projector, the sign-in was at 7:00. | Could not have | Imposibilidad con evidencia |
| A copy of the register has been requested and the window will be inspected. | Passive | Sigue el turno: el objeto del OA 2 |
| No conclusion can be drawn before the interviews are completed. | Can be | Cierre prudente, sin acusación |
Lee el orden: in a police-style report the writer states the fact, then the deduction, and never the other way round. En el renglón tercero no hay un dato nuevo, hay una conclusión sobre los renglones primero y segundo. Si en tu acta la conclusión va antes que el dato, el lector no puede auditar nada.
Why does the report state the two times before the deduction?
What can be concluded about the alarm?
The report names a student as the person responsible.
From the report: the interval is minutes and the cleaning staff signed in at .
10. Simulación: subir o bajar el grado sin cambiar el hecho
Simulación de reescritura: el mismo hecho, tres grados, y la condición que hace válida cada uno. Turning a modal into a percentage is the fastest way to check whether you used the right one. Tapa la última columna y decide antes de leer.
| Grado | Frase | Condición para que sea honesto |
|---|---|---|
| 95 percent | Luis must have signed the register | The signature is in his handwriting at 6:55 |
| 50 percent | Luis might have signed the register | The register is undated and the ink is fresh |
| 3 percent | Luis can’t have signed the register | He was admitted to a hospital that day |
| 95 percent past | Ana must have had the key | The inventory lists her as the only holder |
| 45 percent past | Ana could have had a copy | The lock was changed in 2024, no record |
| 60 percent now | The window may be the entry point | The latch is broken in the photo |
| 3 percent now | The cleaner can’t be the suspect | Her sign-in is after the theft window |
| 50 percent continuous | Somebody might be working late tonight | A light is on but the register is closed |
The register is undated and the ink is fresh. Which grade is honest?
Why does "the cleaner can’t be the suspect" stay at three percent?
Raise the grade with evidence: "The light is on, so somebody be inside" and "the register says nobody is here, so it be a student."
11. Práctica guiada: el párrafo resuelto
Se resuelve un párrafo de deducciones sobre el caso, con la plantilla de cinco golpes. A paragraph of deductions needs two must sentences, two might sentences, one can’t and one past form. Paso 1, hecho con hora: "At 6:10 the lab was locked and the projector was still on the table." Paso 2, deducción fuerte con must have: "The theft must have happened before 6:40, because the door was open then and nobody had signed out." Paso 3, dos posibilidades con might y could: "One student might still have had a key, and somebody could have entered through the window." Paso 4, una imposibilidad con can’t have: "The cleaning staff can’t have taken it, because she signed in at seven." Paso 5, cierre prudente: "No conclusion can be drawn before the interviews are done."
| Renglón | Función | Forma |
|---|---|---|
| At 6:10 the lab was locked | Fact with time | Past simple |
| The projector was still on the table | Fact with evidence | Past simple |
| The theft must have happened before 6:40 | Strong deduction, past | Must have plus participle |
| One student might still have had a key | Weak possibility, past | Might have plus participle |
| Somebody could have entered through the window | Alternative possibility | Could have plus participle |
| The cleaning staff can’t have taken it | Exclusión with proof | Can’t have plus participle |
| No conclusion can be drawn before the interviews | Prudent closing | Can plus passive |
Why does step four use can’t have instead of mustn’t have?
Lower both grades honestly: "Ana must have taken it" becomes "Ana have taken it", and "the cleaner can’t have done it" becomes "the cleaner have done it."
12. Actividad interactiva: tres pruebas y una alternativa rechazada
Actividad hablada, en equipos de tres, sin libreta y en tres rondas. Ronda uno: cada quien enuncia una deducción sobre el caso con su evidencia. Ronda dos: el siguiente sube o baja el grado y dice por qué. Ronda tres: el tercero enuncia una alternativa y la rechaza con un hecho. The classroom goal is to say why something is probable and to accept a better piece of evidence.
- Turno 1: The door was open at 6:40, so somebody must have had a key.
- Turno 2: That is too strong, the window was unlocked too, so it might have been forced from outside.
- Turno 3: I reject the cleaner: she can’t have done it, her sign-in was at 7:00.
- Regla de turno: no puedes usar must sin decir el hecho que lo sostiene.
- Regla de grado: si alguien baja tu grado y lo justifica, aceptas la corrección en voz alta.
- Cierre: el equipo enuncia una sola conclusión consensuada con su porcentaje.
13. Guion y storyboard del video del objeto
| Plano | Tiempo | Imagen en pantalla | Narración | Texto en pantalla |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0:00 a 0:22 | Una puerta entreabierta en un laboratorio vacío, un reloj en 6:40 | One open door, three sentences: must be, might be, can’t be. | deduction |
| 2 | 0:22 a 0:54 | Una escala dibujada con marcas de 95, 50 y 5 | Ninety-five, fifty, three. Pick your rung before you pick your verb. | certainty scale |
| 3 | 0:54 a 1:26 | Dos tarjetas que se ensamblan: modal más have más participio | Talking about yesterday needs three pieces: modal, have, participle. | must have happened |
| 4 | 1:26 a 1:58 | Un letrero con must tachado junto a un cartel de prohibido | Mustn’t is a rule. Can’t is the truth. | negative deduction |
| 5 | 1:58 a 2:30 | Una mesa vacía, una foto a las 6:10, una firma a las 6:55 | Evidence first, conclusion second. That order is auditable. | the case |
| 6 | 2:30 a 3:02 | Una onda de audio: must have, must’ve | You hear must’ve. You write must have. Never must of. | pronunciation |
| 7 | 3:02 a 3:34 | Tres estudiantes alrededor de una mesa con tarjetas de hechos | Raise the grade, lower the grade, reject one option with a fact. | three rounds |
| 8 | 3:34 a 4:06 | Un acta con renglones que se iluminan en orden | Fact, deduction, alternative, exclusión, cautious close. | five-step paragraph |
14. Rúbrica de la actividad de deducción
| Criterio | Aún no cumple | Suficiente | Bueno | Destacado |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grado de certeza | Must para todo | Distingue must de might | Ajusta el grado con un hecho nuevo | Declara un porcentaje y lo defiende |
| Evidencia | Afirmación sin apoyo | Un hecho por modal | Hecho con hora o fuente | Rechaza una alternativa con evidencia |
| Estructura pasada | Did must have | Modal have participio con tropiezos | Cuatro formas pasadas estables | Usa might not have y could have en negativo |
| Negación | Mustn’t have | Can’t have una vez | Can’t y couldn’t según el tiempo | Explica por qué mustn’t no deduce |
| Pronunciación | Lee modal por separado | Se entiende | Must’ve natural y bien escrito | Ritmo de reporte, acento en can’t |
| Interacción | Ignora la corrección | Acepta un cambio | Baja su propio grado al oír el hecho | Corrige a otro con una razón |
Which performance belongs to the Destacado level of the certainty criterion?
15. Práctica independiente
Escribe tu propio reporte sobre un hecho menor de tu escuela y grábalo. Every deduction needs one visible piece of evidence, and without it the sentence is only a guess en cada modal, sin excepción. Entrega lo siguiente.
- Un reporte de cien a ciento treinta palabras con dos hechos con hora, dos must have, dos might o could y un can’t have.
- Una tabla: oración, modal usado, porcentaje asignado y el hecho que lo sostiene.
- Cinco reescrituras: la misma afirmación subida a ninety-five y bajada a thirty por ciento.
- Cuatro oraciones corregidas: must of, did must, mustn’t have y can to be.
- Una alternativa que rechaces con evidencia, escrita en dos líneas.
- Una grabación de dos minutos presentando el reporte, sin leer el papel.
16. Resumen del objeto
a modal of deduction does not describe an obligation, it describes how sure you are about what you see. Must is about ninety-five percent certainty, might or could sit between forty and seventy and can’t drops below five. For a conclusion about now the structure is modal plus be or plus the base verb. For a conclusion about the past the structure is modal plus have plus the past participle. Past deduction uses the same irregular participles from the first unit, so written and gone still matter. can’t is the negative of must: it says the thing is impossible, not that it is forbidden. Almost certain negatives take can’t have, and a native speaker would never say mustn’t have for a deduction. Must also means obligation, so the same word carries two jobs and only the context separates them. May and might are interchangeable in the middle of the scale, but may sounds more formal in writing. Couldn’t and can’t both deny possibility, and couldn’t is normal when you narrate yesterday. Every deduction needs one visible piece of evidence, and without it the sentence is only a guess. modals never take do in a question and never take to before the base verb. In fast speech must have reduces to must’ve, and writing it as must of is a spelling error, not a sound. Turning a modal into a percentage is the fastest way to check whether you used the right one. The typical error is to build the past with did: did must have gone, which English does not allow. In a police-style report the writer states the fact, then the deduction, and never the other way round. Check any modal with one question: could a visible fact prove or break this claim.
| Habilidad | Prueba | Formato |
|---|---|---|
| Elegir el peldaño | Diez afirmaciones | Ocho con porcentaje honesto |
| Formar el pasado | Seis oraciones con modal have | Cinco correctas |
| Negar posibilidad | Cuatro casos | Ninguno con mustn’t have |
| Separar obligación | Seis frases ambiguas | Cuatro decisiones |
| Escribir un reporte | Cien palabras con cinco formas | Cada modal con su hecho |
| Debatir el grado | Tres rondas orales | Acepta una corrección |
17. Glosario del objeto
| Término | Definición operativa |
|---|---|
| Modal | Auxiliar invariable que expresa grado, obligación o posibilidad |
| Deduction | Conclusión sobre un hecho a partir de evidencia visible |
| Certainty scale | Reparto numérico: 95 must, 50 might, bajo 5 can’t |
| Past deduction | Modal más have más participio pasado |
| Exclusión | Descartar a un sospechoso con un dato de tiempo |
| Obligation | Segundo trabajo de must: tener que hacer algo |
| Prohibition | Trabajo de mustn’t: no se permite |
| Sign-in | Registro de entrada con hora, usado como evidencia |
| Interval | Ventana entre dos hechos verificables |
| Alternative | Otra explicación posible que se puede rechazar |
| Adverb of certainty | Probably, most likely: refuerzan sin cambiar de modal |
| Reporte | Texto que pone hecho, conclusión y cierre prudente |
18. Anexo de anclas del objeto
| Ancla | Frase literal |
|---|---|
| deduccion | a modal of deduction does not describe an obligation, it describes how sure you are about what you see |
| escala | must is about ninety-five percent certainty, might or could sit between forty and seventy and can’t drops below five |
| presente | for a conclusion about now the structure is modal plus be or plus the base verb |
| pasado | for a conclusion about the past the structure is modal plus have plus the past participle |
| cannt | can’t is the negative of must: it says the thing is impossible, not that it is forbidden |
| obligación | must also means obligation, so the same word carries two jobs and only the context separates them |
| evidencia | every deduction needs one visible piece of evidence, and without it the sentence is only a guess |
| participios | past deduction uses the same irregular participles from the first unit, so written and gone still matter |
| maymight | may and might are interchangeable in the middle of the scale, but may sounds more formal in writing |
| couldnt | couldn’t and can’t both deny possibility, and couldn’t is normal when you narrate yesterday |
| casi | almost certain negatives take can’t have, and a native speaker would never say mustn’t have for a deduction |
| preguntas | modals never take do in a question and never take to before the base verb |
| pronombre | in fast speech must have reduces to must’ve, and writing it as must of is a spelling error, not a sound |
| probabilidad | turning a modal into a percentage is the fastest way to check whether you used the right one |
| caso | the lab door was open at six forty and the projector was on the table at six ten, so somebody was inside |
| caso2 | Ana had the only key until 2023, Luis signed the late register and the cleaning staff arrives at seven |
| caso3 | the projector is missing now, the window in the lab was left unlocked and no alarm was triggered |
| lectura | in a police-style report the writer states the fact, then the deduction, and never the other way round |
| speaking | to argue a deduction out loud you give the evidence, the modal and one alternative you reject |
| writing | a paragraph of deductions needs two must sentences, two might sentences, one can’t and one past form |
| error | the typical error is to build the past with did: did must have gone, which English does not allow |
| clase | the classroom goal is to say why something is probable and to accept a better piece of evidence |
| fuente | el programa de semestre 3 pide expresar grado de certeza sobre hechos presentes y pasados con evidencia visible |
| siguiente | the next object moves that evidence into texts, where the same facts are reported in the passive voice |
| verifica | check any modal with one question: could a visible fact prove or break this claim |
| Reactivo | Respuesta | Por qué |
|---|---|---|
| Sección 2 | b, b, Verdadero, must y can’t | La escala negativa es can’t |
| Sección 3 | a, c, Verdadero, been tired | El pasado exige have más participio |
| Sección 4 | b, a | La sustitución decide la lectura |
| Sección 5 | b, b, b, clasificación correcta | La evidencia sostiene el grado |
| Sección 6 | d, might y not, emparejamiento correcto | Los modales no usan do |
| Sección 7 | b | Must’ve se escribe must have |
| Sección 8 | b, b, clasificación correcta | Cuatro errores típicos |
| Sección 9 | b, b, Falso, thirty y 7:00 | Hecho antes que conclusión |
| Sección 10 | b, b, must y can’t | Mismo hecho, grado distinto |
| Sección 11 | b, might y could | Bajar el grado cuando falta prueba |
| Rúbrica | b | Declarar el porcentaje es el nivel alto |
19. Fuentes y continuidad
Objeto construido sobre el programa analítico de Lengua Adicional. Inglés III (SEP/DGB, semestre 3) con referencia al MCCEMS y al nivel A2+ a B1 del Marco Común Europeo. El caso del laboratorio, el reporte, los diálogos y las oraciones de ejemplo fueron escritos para este objeto y no provienen de materiales con derechos de autor; los porcentajes son una convención didáctica y no una medida estadística. El programa de semestre 3 pide expresar grado de certeza sobre hechos presentes y pasados con evidencia visible.
Autoevaluación de este objeto
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La escala de certeza: del 100% al imposible
- Termostato de probabilidad
Los modales epistemicos son un termostato: no ordenan obligaciones sino certezas. Must be sera tu verdicto cuando la evidencia apunta a una sola explicación; can't be cuando la descartan; might/could/may para el terreno gris.
- Deducir como detective
La deduction parte de evidencia presente hacia una conclusion: luces apagadas + sin coche = they must be out. Ojo: must para certeza solo en afirmativo; para negar la certeza el inglés usa can't, no mustn't. Tu companero no contesto en todo el dia y su celular suena apagado: must be, might be o can't be... que le paso?
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