| Elemento | Dato |
|---|---|
| Materia | Lengua Adicional. Inglés III |
| Unidad | Unidad 4. Writing that holds together |
| Tema | Connectors and relative clauses for cohesion |
| Objeto de aprendizaje | 1 de 4 |
| Duración estimada | 50 minutos |
| Dificultad | Media |
| Prerrequisito | Unidad 3: condicionales y conectores de condición. Oraciones simples de Inglés II con who y which básicos. |
| Siguiente | OA 2 de la Unidad 4: correo formal y carta de queja. |
| Categoría | Preparatoria |
| Nivel | 2.º de Preparatoria |
| Semestre | 3 |
| Área | Lengua Adicional. Inglés |
| Tema / etapa | Connectors and relative clauses for cohesion |
| OA en la ruta | 1 de 4 |
| Tipo de OA | Desarrollo de tema |
| Resultado de aprendizaje | Elegir el conector según el vínculo lógico que expresa, distinguir la oración de relativo definitoria de la no definitoria por sus comas, usar who, which, that, whose y where sin error y plegar dos oraciones simples en una cohesionada al escribir un párrafo. |
| Conceptos clave | connectors of addition, contrast, cause, result, sequence and purpose; defining and non-defining relative clauses; relative pronouns; comma rule; cohesion |
| Marco curricular | SEP/DGB, Plan de Estudios de la Bachillerato General, campo de Lengua Adicional. Inglés, habilidad A2+ a B1 |
| Programa de referencia | Marco Curricular Común para la Educación Media Superior (MCCEMS), semestre 3 |
| Fuente curricular | Programa analítico de la materia construido por Lumbre a partir del programa SEP/DGB vigente |
| Plan de estudios | Plan de Estudios de la Bachillerato General SEP/DGB (vigente) |
| Autor | Roadwise Consulting |
| Edad referencial | 16 a 19 años |
| OA anterior | inglés3-u3-evaluación-integradora |
| OA siguiente | inglés3-u4-formal-email-and-letter-of-complaint |
| Fecha de revisión | 2026-09-25 |
| Versión de contenido | 2 (diagrama original, 2026-09-25) |
1. Arranque: dos oraciones contra una
Mira la diferencia entre estas dos versiones de la misma idea: "The library closes at three. Students need it until six." suena a lista. "The library closes at three, although students need it until six" ya es un argumento. A text holds together when connectors show the link between ideas and relative clauses fold two sentences into one. En esta unidad aprendes las dos herramientas que amarran las oraciones: los conectores, que dicen qué relación hay entre dos ideas, y las oraciones de relativo, que meten un detalle dentro del sustantivo sin repetirlo. In a real text the writer uses one connector per move and a relative clause to avoid repeating a noun.
2. Los seis vínculos lógicos y su conector
Todo conector hace uno de seis trabajos. Check a connector by asking what link it makes: add, oppose, cause, result, order or purpose. Si sabes qué vínculo quieres, el conector sale solo; si no, eliges por costumbre y el texto se descuadra.
| Vínculo | Conectores | Ejemplo |
|---|---|---|
| Añadir | and, also, moreover, in addition | The room is small, and the lights are weak |
| Oponer | but, however, although, despite, on the other hand | The food is cheap; however, it is cold |
| Causa | because, since, as | We left early because it was raining |
| Consecuencia | so, therefore, as a result | The bus broke down, so we walked |
| Orden | first, then, next, finally | First we signed, then we entered |
| Propósito | so that, in order to | She saved money in order to buy a laptop |
Which connector adds information that points the same way?
Sort each connector under the link it makes
Arrastra cada ficha a su categoría (o tócala y luego toca la categoría). También puedes usar el teclado.
3. Contraste: but, however, although y despite
Aquí se caen la mitad de los reactivos. But, however, although and despite join two ideas that pull in different directions, and however normally opens a new sentence. But une dentro de una oración con coma antes; however abre una oración nueva y pide punto y coma o punto antes y coma después. Although va seguido de sujeto y verbo; despite, sólo de un sustantivo o un -ing.
| Conector | Qué necesita después | Ejemplo | Registro |
|---|---|---|---|
| but | una oración | It is cheap but cold | neutro |
| however | oración nueva, coma después | It is cheap. However, it is cold | formal |
| although / even though | sujeto + verbo | Although it was cold, we ate | neutro |
| despite / in spite of | sustantivo o -ing | Despite the cold, we ate | formal |
La trampa clásica: poner however donde iba but. The top error is putting however where but belongs, or dropping the comma that a non-defining clause needs. If you write "It was cheap however cold", falta el punto y la coma; lo limpio es "It was cheap; however, it was cold", o simplemente "but cold".
Choose the correct formal contrast:
Which one is correct with despite?
Although is followed by a subject and a verb, not only by a noun.
Rewrite with one connector: "The line was long. We waited forty minutes." → " the line was long, we waited forty minutes."
4. Causa y consecuencia: because, so y therefore
Causa mira hacia atrás (por qué), consecuencia mira hacia adelante (qué pasó). Because and since give the reason and answer why, linking a result back to its cause. So, therefore and as a result present the effect, and therefore is the formal choice for an essay. Because y since introducen el motivo; so y therefore introducen el efecto, y therefore es el que corresponde a un ensayo formal.
| Dirección | Conectores | Pregunta que responde | Ejemplo |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hacia atrás | because, since, as | Why? | We cooked because we were hungry |
| Hacia adelante | so, therefore, as a result | And then? | We were hungry, so we cooked |
| Formal adelante | therefore | And then (in an essay) | Data was missing; therefore, the result is weak |
Un mismo hecho se cuenta con causa o con consecuencia y cambia el énfasis. Check a connector by asking what link it makes: add, oppose, cause, result, order or purpose. "We tested twice because we wanted to be sure" pone el motivo; "We wanted to be sure, so we tested twice" pone el resultado.
Choose the result connector for a formal paragraph:
In "Since the door was locked, we waited", since is closest in meaning to:
Complete with a result connector: "The cafeteria closed at two, we ate outside."
5. Relativas definitorias y no definitorias: la coma decide
Una relativa dice algo de un sustantivo. Hay dos tipos y la coma es la señal. A defining relative clause says which one you mean and takes no commas, and it uses that, who or which a non-defining relative clause adds extra information about something unique and always sits between two commas.
| Tipo | Para qué sirve | Comas | Ejemplo |
|---|---|---|---|
| Definitoria | dice cuál, recorta el grupo | sin comas | The student who won is from Group B |
| No definitoria | añade dato extra de algo único | dos comas | Diego, who won, is from Group B |
Prueba rápida: si al quitar la relativa la frase pierde identidad, era definitoria. Two commas mean the information is extra, and no commas mean the clause is needed to identify the noun. "The book that changed me" necesita el that; "Harry Potter, which changed me, is long" sólo añade un chisme.
Which sentence is correctly punctuated?
The commas in "Diego, who won, is from Group B" tell the reader that:
A defining relative clause is written between two commas.
6. Qué pronombre usar: who, which, that, whose, where
Cada antecedente pide su pronombre. Who is for people, which for things, that for defining clauses, whose for possession and where for places. Y hay una regla que los exámenes persiguen: that never appears after a comma, so a non-defining clause must use which or who, not that. Después de coma sólo van which o who.
| Pronombre | Se usa con | Ejemplo |
|---|---|---|
| who | personas | the coach who trained us |
| which | cosas, tras coma también | the sensor, which was dirty, failed |
| that | cosas o personas, sin coma | the prize that we wanted |
| whose | posesión | the student whose robot won |
| where | lugares | the lab where we built it |
Choose the pronoun: "The girl ___ bag was stolen reported it."
Match each sentence to the pronoun it needs
7. Omitir el pronombre objeto
Cuando el pronombre es el objeto, desaparece y la oración corre mejor. You can drop the relative pronoun when it is the object of the clause, but never when it is the subject. "The motor that we bought" = "The motor we bought". Pero "The coach who trained us" no puede soltar who, porque ahí el pronombre es el sujeto.
| Oración completa | Función del pronombre | Versión natural | Se omite |
|---|---|---|---|
| The motor that we bought | objeto (we bought it) | The motor we bought | Sí |
| The prize that she won | objeto | The prize she won | Sí |
| The coach who trained us | sujeto (he trained us) | The coach who trained us | No |
| The girl who stole it | sujeto | The girl who stole it | No |
Drop the object pronoun: "The report that we filed was short" becomes "The report was short."
In "the student whose robot won", the relative pronoun can be omitted.
8. Simulador: plegar dos oraciones en una
El caso de la cafetería, cinco veces. Un texto cohesionado nace de recortar repeticiones. A text holds together when connectors show the link between ideas and relative clauses fold two sentences into one. Toma las dos columnas de la izquierda y pleégalas con un conector o una relativa.
| Oración A | Oración B | Versión plegada | Herramienta |
|---|---|---|---|
| The cafeteria closes at two | Students stay until six | The cafeteria closes at two, although students stay until six | although |
| The food is cold | The food is cheap | The food is cold, and it is also cheap | addition |
| There is one line | The line is very slow | The line, which is very slow, has one door | non-defining which |
| We complained | The office did not answer | We complained, so the office will answer | result |
| The cook works here | The cook has two children | The cook, who has two children, works here | non-defining who |
La segunda y la cuarta fila usan punto y coma: los conectores formales de contraste y resultado (however, so, therefore) separan dos oraciones completas. So, therefore and as a result present the effect, and therefore is the formal choice for an essay.
Which fold adds a reason for the complaint?
Folding "There is one line. The line is very slow" with a comma and which produces:
Sort each folded sentence by its tool
Arrastra cada ficha a su categoría (o tócala y luego toca la categoría). También puedes usar el teclado.
9. Banco de señales para hablar
En el habla no piensas el conector, lo tienes. To sound connected you signpost with first and however, then fold a detail in with who or which. Estas señales de discurso convierten oraciones sueltas en un turno coherente. Memorízalas de a bloques.
| Movimiento | Señal en inglés | Mini ejemplo |
|---|---|---|
| Abrir | The first thing is that… | The first thing is that the line is slow |
| Añadir | also / moreover | It is also cold |
| Oponer | however / on the other hand | However, it is cheap |
| Dar ejemplo | for example / such as | such as rice and beans |
| Cerrar | so / therefore / the point is | Therefore, I would move the closing time |
Which signal adds a supporting detail before an example?
10. Errores frecuentes del hispanohablante
| Lo que sale mal | Forma correcta | Por qué pasa | Cómo autocorregirte |
|---|---|---|---|
| It was cheap, but expensive | It was cheap but expensive | No uses pero si no opusiste | But no lleva coma si une adjetivos |
| I like it, that is boring | I like it, although it is boring | Coma y más oración sin conector | Une con although o con punto |
| The boy who is tall called | The boy who is tall called (ok) / who is the subject, keep it | Borran el who del sujeto | Si who es sujeto, no lo quites |
| The book, that I read, was long | The book, which I read, was long | That tras coma | Tras coma usa which |
| He said that he can come | He said that he could come | Consecutio temporum | Tras said, retrocede |
| Despite he was tired | Despite being tired / Although he was tired | Despite + oración | Despite, sustantivo o -ing |
| More information is needed for example the log | for example, the log | Falta la coma del ejemplo | for example + coma |
| The girl which called | The girl who called | Which para persona | Personas: who |
| I want to know where is the lab | I want to know where the lab is | Pregunta dentro de frase | Orden de oración afirmativa |
| Because it rained so we stayed | Because it rained, we stayed / It rained, so we stayed | Because + so dobles | Una sola marca causal |
El error de "because … so" y el de that tras coma concentran las correcciones. The top error is putting however where but belongs, or dropping the comma that a non-defining clause needs. Si pones because, no pongas so: el vínculo ya está marcado una vez. That never appears after a comma, so a non-defining clause must use which or who, not that.
Choose the sentence without a connector error:
11. Lectura: un correo del consejo estudiantil
Un texto real usa un conector por movimiento y una relativa para no repetir el sustantivo. In a real text the writer uses one connector per move and a relative clause to avoid repeating a noun. Lee la queja del consejo y marca cada vínculo.
| Fragmento | Qué hace | Glosa |
|---|---|---|
| Dear Coordinator, I am writing about the cafeteria, which closes at two. | non-defining which | Abre con el dato extra entre comas |
| Students, who usually stay until six, cannot buy lunch. | non-defining who | Añade quiénes son, sin definir |
| The food is cheap, however, it is often cold. | however | Contraste formal |
| There is only one line, which moves very slowly. | defining? no: extra | Aquí which añade, no define |
| We collected forty signatures, so we are asking for a meeting. | so | Resultado de una acción |
| We want the closing time, which should be six, to change. | relative | Pide un cambio |
| Because the line is slow, students lose recess. | because | Causa al frente |
| The coordinator, whose office is upstairs, can help. | whose | Posesión entre comas |
From the email: the students usually stay until six cannot buy lunch, and the coordinator office is upstairs can help.
Why are there commas around "who usually stay until six"?
The email could be made more cohesive by joining "The line is slow. Students lose recess" with:
"The coordinator, whose office is upstairs, can help" uses a non-defining relative with a possessive.
12. Práctica guiada: el párrafo cohesionado resuelto
Vas a escribir un párrafo que no parezca lista. A cohesive paragraph uses at least one contrast connector, one result connector and one relative clause. Sigue la plantilla con el caso de la cafetería y luego rehazla con otro tema.
- Paso 1: abre con el hecho y una relativa no definitoria. "The cafeteria, which closes at two, serves many students."
- Paso 2: añade un contraste con however o but. "The food is cheap; however, it is cold."
- Paso 3: marca una causa. "Because the line is slow, students lose recess."
- Paso 4: cierra con una consecuencia formal y una propuesta. "Therefore, we ask to move the closing time to six."
- Paso 5: mete una relativa definitoria para precisar. "The students who stay until six need lunch."
Complete step 4: " the line is slow, we ask to move the time, the students need lunch."
13. Actividad interactiva: cadena de ideas
Actividad hablada en cadena, seis personas y sin libreta. El primero da un hecho simple. Cada siguiente lo une al anterior con un conector o una relativa nueva, sin repetir la herramienta del turno previo. The classroom goal is to say two ideas as one sentence without losing the logical link.
- Turn 1: The cafeteria closes at two.
- Turn 2: …, although students stay until six. (contrast)
- Turn 3: …, which is why we lost forty minutes. (relative)
- Turn 4: Because of that, we are asking for a meeting. (result)
- Turn 5: The coordinator, whose office is upstairs, will decide. (non-defining whose)
- Turn 6: Therefore, we bring forty signatures. (formal result)
- Regla: si un compañero repite el conector del turno anterior o pone that tras coma, el grupo para y corrige.
Assign each chain move to its tool
Arrastra cada ficha a su categoría (o tócala y luego toca la categoría). También puedes usar el teclado.
14. Guion y storyboard del video del objeto
| Plano | Tiempo | Imagen en pantalla | Narración | Texto en pantalla |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0:00 a 0:22 | Dos tarjetas-oración sueltas sobre una mesa | Two plain sentences. Now watch them become an argument. | the idea |
| 2 | 0:22 a 0:54 | Seis iconos de vínculo: añadir, oponer, causa, resultado, orden, propósito | Every connector does one of six jobs. | six links |
| 3 | 0:54 a 1:26 | However con punto y coma a un lado y but con coma al otro | However opens a sentence. But joins inside one. | contrast |
| 4 | 1:26 a 1:58 | Aunque con verbo adentro y despite con un sustantivo | Although takes a clause. Despite takes a noun. | although despite |
| 5 | 1:58 a 2:30 | Un sustantivo envuelto por una relativa sin comas | No commas: the clause tells which one. | defining |
| 6 | 2:30 a 3:02 | El mismo sustantivo con comas a los lados | Two commas: the information is extra. | non-defining |
| 7 | 3:02 a 3:34 | That tachado tras una coma y reemplazado por which | Never put that after a comma. | the trap |
| 8 | 3:34 a 4:06 | Cadena de seis turnos con conectores distintos | One move per connector. Read the chain. | cohesion |
15. Rúbrica de la cadena de ideas
| Criterio | Aún no cumple | Suficiente | Bueno | Destacado |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Conectores | Repite and | Usa dos vínculos | Maneja los seis | Elige el registro (however vs but) |
| Comas | Coma antes de but suelta | Una coma correcta | Punto y coma con however | Coma de relativa sin dudar |
| Relativas | Todo con que | Una relativa bien | Define vs extra con comas | Omite el pronombre objeto |
| Pronombre | Which para persona | Who y which | That tras coma corregido | Whose y where con sentido |
| Estructura | Parece lista | Dos vínculos | Párrafo con hilo lógico | Cadena con herramientas variadas |
| Fluidez | Lee la oración | Pausas largas | Tres turnos seguidos | Sostiene la cadena y retoma tras corregir |
Which evidence belongs to the Destacado level of the relative criterion?
16. Práctica independiente
Escribe tu párrafo cohesionado y grábalo. A cohesive paragraph uses at least one contrast connector, one result connector and one relative clause son el estándar; usa tus propios hechos.
- Un párrafo de ochenta a ciento veinte palabras: un conector de contraste, uno de resultado, una relativa definitoria y una no definitoria.
- Cinco plegados de dos oraciones simples a una, indicando la herramienta usada.
- Tres oraciones donde el pronombre objeto se omite y una donde no se puede.
- Cinco oraciones defectuosas corregidas: that tras coma, because con so, despite con verbo, which por persona y however sin punto.
- Un correo corto de queja con dos conectores formales y una relativa no definitoria.
- Una grabación de dos minutos defendiendo una idea con first, however y therefore.
17. Resumen del objeto
a text holds together when connectors show the link between ideas and relative clauses fold two sentences into one. And, also, moreover and in addition add information that points the same way, so they never oppose anything. But, however, although and despite join two ideas that pull in different directions, and however normally opens a new sentence. Because and since give the reason and answer why, linking a result back to its cause. So, therefore and as a result present the effect, and therefore is the formal choice for an essay. first, then, next and finally order ideas in time, which is what a process or a story needs. So that and in order to state a goal, and they are followed by the intention, not by a finished result. A defining relative clause says which one you mean and takes no commas, and it uses that, who or which. A non-defining relative clause adds extra information about something unique and always sits between two commas. Who is for people, which for things, that for defining clauses, whose for possession and where for places. That never appears after a comma, so a non-defining clause must use which or who, not that. you can drop the relative pronoun when it is the object of the clause, but never when it is the subject. Two commas mean the information is extra, and no commas mean the clause is needed to identify the noun. In a real text the writer uses one connector per move and a relative clause to avoid repeating a noun. To sound connected you signpost with first and however, then fold a detail in with who or which. The top error is putting however where but belongs, or dropping the comma that a non-defining clause needs. Check a connector by asking what link it makes: add, oppose, cause, result, order or purpose.
| Habilidad | Prueba | Formato |
|---|---|---|
| Elegir el vínculo | Doce conectores | Diez clasificados |
| Contraste formal | Seis frases | Cinco con however o despite |
| Causa y resultado | Seis frases | Cinco sin porque y so juntos |
| Tipo de relativa | Ocho frases | Seis deciden con comas |
| Pronombre | Diez casos | Ningún that tras coma |
| Plegar | Cinco pares | Cuatro oraciones cohesionadas |
18. Glosario del objeto
| Término | Definición operativa |
|---|---|
| Connector | Palabra que señala el vínculo lógico entre ideas |
| Addition | Vínculo que suma información del mismo signo |
| Contrast | Vínculo que opone dos ideas |
| Cause / result | Vínculo que explica el porqué o el entonces |
| Sequence | Vínculo que ordena en el tiempo |
| Purpose | Vínculo que declara una intención |
| Defining relative | Recorta el grupo; sin comas |
| Non-defining relative | Añade dato de algo único; entre comas |
| Relative pronoun | Who, which, that, whose, where |
| Comma rule | Dos comas = extra; sin comas = identifica |
| Object pronoun | Puede omitirse; el sujeto no |
| Cohesion | Que el texto se sostenga como unidad, no como lista |
19. Anexo de anclas del objeto
| Ancla | Frase literal |
|---|---|
| cohesion | a text holds together when connectors show the link between ideas and relative clauses fold two sentences into one |
| adición | and, also, moreover and in addition add information that points the same way, so they never oppose anything |
| contraste | but, however, although and despite join two ideas that pull in different directions, and however normally opens a new sentence |
| causa | because and since give the reason and answer why, linking a result back to its cause |
| consecuencia | so, therefore and as a result present the effect, and therefore is the formal choice for an essay |
| secuencia | first, then, next and finally order ideas in time, which is what a process or a story needs |
| purpose | so that and in order to state a goal, and they are followed by the intention, not by a finished result |
| def | a defining relative clause says which one you mean and takes no commas, and it uses that, who or which |
| nondef | a non-defining relative clause adds extra information about something unique and always sits between two commas |
| pronombres | who is for people, which for things, that for defining clauses, whose for possession and where for places |
| tharno | that never appears after a comma, so a non-defining clause must use which or who, not that |
| omitir | you can drop the relative pronoun when it is the object of the clause, but never when it is the subject |
| coma_relativa | two commas mean the information is extra, and no commas mean the clause is needed to identify the noun |
| lectura | in a real text the writer uses one connector per move and a relative clause to avoid repeating a noun |
| speaking | to sound connected you signpost with first and however, then fold a detail in with who or which |
| writing | a cohesive paragraph uses at least one contrast connector, one result connector and one relative clause |
| error | the top error is putting however where but belongs, or dropping the comma that a non-defining clause needs |
| clase | the classroom goal is to say two ideas as one sentence without losing the logical link |
| fuente | el programa de semestre 3 pide usar conectores y oraciones de relativo para dar cohesión a un texto |
| siguiente | the next object applies these connectors to a formal email and a letter of complaint |
| verifica | check a connector by asking what link it makes: add, oppose, cause, result, order or purpose |
| Reactivo | Respuesta | Por qué |
|---|---|---|
| Sección 2 | b, clasificación correcta | El vínculo decide el conector |
| Sección 3 | c, b, Verdadero, Although | However abre oración con coma |
| Sección 4 | b, a, so | Causa atrás, consecuencia adelante |
| Sección 5 | b, b, Falso | Las comas dicen si el dato es extra |
| Sección 6 | b, emparejamiento correcto | Cada antecedente pide su pronombre |
| Sección 7 | we filed, Falso | El pronombre objeto se puede omitir |
| Sección 8 | b, b, clasificación correcta | Plegar dos hechos en una idea |
| Sección 9 | a | Señal para añadir un ejemplo |
| Sección 10 | b | Una sola marca causal por oración |
| Sección 11 | who whose, b, c, Verdadero | Relativas entre comas en un texto real |
| Sección 12 | Because so | Cinco pasos del párrafo |
| Sección 13 | clasificación correcta | Una herramienta nueva por turno |
| Rúbrica | b | Decidir el tipo de relativa con comas es el nivel alto |
20. Fuentes y continuidad
Objeto construido sobre el programa analítico de Lengua Adicional. Inglés III (SEP/DGB, semestre 3) con referencia al MCCEMS y al nivel A2+ a B1 del Marco Común Europeo. El correo del consejo, las preguntas del banco y los hechos de la cafetería fueron escritos para este objeto y no provienen de materiales con derechos de autor. El programa de semestre 3 pide usar conectores y oraciones de relativo para dar cohesión a un texto.
Autoevaluación de este objeto
Aquí se mira lo que ya fuiste acertando. Pulsa «Comprobar» para saber si puedes seguir.
Connectors y relative clauses: las juntas del texto
- Cuatro familias de juntas
Un texto se sostiene en conectores: los de contraste avisan giro, los de causa explican el por que, los de resultado cierran la cadena logica y los de adición suman. No decoran: cada uno le dice al lector que hacer con la siguiente oración.
- Relativas: definir o solo añadir
La relativa pega descripción a un sustantivo sin abrir frase nueva. Su filo fino: sin comas define de quien hablas (the book that changed me); con comas solo suelta un dato extra (Mexico City, where I grew up). Una coma cambia el sentido. My brother who lives in Merida / My brother, who lives in Merida: una de las dos implica que tienes mas hermanos. Cual?
Sequencing connectors: first, then, later, before, after that
To give a story chronological order, use these connectors: First, I checked into the hotel. Then, we had lunch. Later, we walked around the historic center. Before we left, I bought some postcards. After that, we took the night bus home. First / then / later mark what happened in sequence; before signals what came earlier, and after that introduces the following event. Reorder the events of your own weekend using at least five of these connectors and share your paragraph with a partner.
El PDA manda clasificar los conectores de secuencia (and, or, but, so, first, then, later, before, after that). ¿Cuál enunciado usa un conector de secuencia para ubicar un evento en un momento particular del pasado?
Conectores de secuencia para narrar el pasado: we arrived at the square, we watched the sociodrama, after that we discussed the problem.
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